作文评分原则

内容：50% 结构：10% 语言：40%

1. 充实文章的内容：七种方法
2. 固定文章的结构：总分总
3. 丰富文章的语言：读范文；讲句型；躲错误；备模板

特点一：内容充实

expert testimony 专家证言法

declare 宣称,声称 (替代think)
claim (替代think)
exclaim 大叫(shout , yell)

① It is plain common sense from those authoritative research that…
② Based on their findings, the experts claim that…

statistics 统计数据法

reduce
dramatically

① According to a recent survey, thousands of people has found 80% of respondents claimed that…

example 举例子 (文章字不够举例子来凑) (2个)

deal with = cope with = dispose of (解决)
efficiently(有效地) / effective(有效率的)
concentrate on = pay attention to = absorb in = dedicate to = indulge in = focus on

① Taking a look around, we can find the following examples in our daily lives.
② A good case in point is that…
③ As an illustration, we may take …as an example.
④ A typical example of this is that…
A typical example of this is that in most families, there is only one child who is loved by not only patents, but also grandparents.

personal experience 个人经历

Logic & Reasoning 逻辑推理

​ 分析原因段 (一般都是第二段)
​ ① 三个原因 + 一个例子
​ ② 两个原因 + 两个例子

​ 解决问题段
​ deal with = cope with = dispose of (解决)

​ ① 国家政府角度谈 (权威)
​ ② 全社会人民角度谈 (广泛)
​ ③ 就我个人而言 (个人)

known facts 常识法

consider/considerate(adj)
consideration(共同的名词词性)[考虑/]
take sth. into consideration

① It is truism that…
② It comes to light that…

analogy 类比(目标A 但是去说B最后与A关联)

tend(照顾,倾向于) extend(延伸,口) pretend(假装) intend(打算) = mean to do

第二部分：四级写作的出题方式

(一) 提纲式作文

… on the topic Will E-books replaced traditional books? You should write at 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
① 随着信息技术的发展, 电子图书越来越多
② 有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书
③ 我的看法

(二) 图表作文/漫画式作文

(三) 应用文

… to write a letter to a company declining a job offer.
① 对公司提供职位标识感激
② 有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书
③ 我的看法

(四) 记叙文

… to write a composition on the topic “The most unforgettable person I ever know.“

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第三部分：四级的三段论

(一) 现象描述型

第一段：描述现象，引出话题
第二段：阐述正反观点
第三段：观点结论

(二) 问题解决型

第一段：问题描述
第二段：解决问题的原因
第三段：解决问题的措施

(三) 对比观点型

第一段：正方观点 + 理由
第二段：反方观点 + 理由
第三段：观点结论

(四) 应用文 (每段的第一个句子要成为主题句出现 三个主题句)

第一段：写信目的
第二段：写信内容
第三段：结束语

(五) 引语类

第一段：引语含义
第二段：观点阐述
第三段：观点结论

(六) 漫画/图表作文

第一段：描述漫画/图表内容
第二段：分析原因/观点阐述 (可单独 可融合)
第三段：展望未来/解决问题

(七) 记叙文

第一段：描述概况
第二段：描述事件经过细节
第三段：得出结论

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第四部分：四级写作评分实例(阅读范文)

… on the topic Should one expect a reward when doing a good deed ?
① 有人做好事期望得到回报
② 有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报
③ 我的观点
每当写完一个句子 就问问自己后面能写原因吗**(原因状语从句)**

​ Should one expect a reward when doing a good deed
​ Different people hold different view about whether or not one should expect a reward when doing a good deed. Some argue(替代think) that people should be given a certain reward for their good deed, because they believe(替代think) the saying “No pain, no gains”. In addition(替代and), they maintain(替代think) that in some sense rewards can stimulate(代替encourage) people’s enthusiasm to do good deeds.

① argue可以替代think的

单词：assume，deem，reckon，maintain

短语：

​ (1) hold the opinion/ belief/ point that…
​ (2) harbor the idea that…
​ (3) take the attitude that…
​ (4) be firmly/ fully convinced that…

句子：

​ (1) It is widely shared that…
​ (2) It is universally acknowledged

argue的扩展
I think
= to my knowledge
= from my personal perspective
= from my point of view
= from my angle

所有的介词或介词短语后面都要加 名词/名词短语。只有连词后面才可以加句子

**② because of **+ 短语 (because of your help)
on account of、due to、thanks to、by virtue of、in light of、
be responsible for

③ because + 句子 (because you help me)
in that、for the reason that、on the ground that、seeing that、considering that

④ 动词短语

• (1) 前因后果 “导致”
  • contribute to
  • lead to
  • result in

例句：Eating too much fat can ___ heart disease.

• (2) 前果后因 “归因于”
  • attribute to
  • result from
  • credit to (credit hour学时 credit card信用卡)

例句：The accident resulted from the driver’s carelessness.
例句：The driver’s carelessness **resulted in **the accident.

• (3) 混合因果 (誰前誰后都可以)
  • be bound up with
    (be bound to do sth The cars are bound to be disused[可+原因状语从句].)
  • be associated with
    (association 协会/团队)

例句：Cancer is bound up with smoking.
例句：Smoking is bound up with cancer.

​ However, others have different viewpoint. They regard LeiFeng as a model, who(定语从句)) always helps others without ever expecting any reward. They assume that doing a good deed should be based on people’s individual consciousness of responsibility, and hence(结果从句) little(不…) significance should be attached to monetary reward. In addition, one can enjoy the happiness and peace through what(宾语从句) he had done, they think, which(定语从句) is the best return.

​ Personally, I prefer the latter(former) opinion. It is imperative for us to(对…来说做…是) conduct good deeds without expecting any reward. For one thing, the authorities should make laws and regulations to encourage people to do(法律法规) good deeds. For another, people’s awareness should be cultivated that conducing good deeds is extremely(very) meaningful to our lives. It should be universally acknowledged that we do good deeds for enjoyment, self-fulfillment and spiritual enhancement, not for the rewards.

第二部分：语言丰富

一、长句|短句错落有致 (3-4)

二、主动|被动适当穿插 (2-3)

三、比较结构巧妙使用 (1-2)

四、强调倒装恰当运用 (1-1)

五、句和句间衔接紧密

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一、短句

• 类型1：主语 + 谓语 (I seen)
• 类型2：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (主体+动词+对象)
• 类型3：主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (主体+系动词(be_感官)(动词分支)+对象)
• 类型4：主语 + 谓语 + 双宾语 (主体+动词+对象+对象)(都可以改被动就是双宾否则就是宾补)
• 类型5：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补 (主体+动词+对象+对宾语的补充说明)

只有名词、形容词、副词才可以变成句子(名词性从句、形容词性从句[定语从句]、副词性从句[状语从句])

长句

(1) 定语从句

① This is the present that he gave me for my birthday. (什么样的present)
② The person who broke the window must pay for it.
③ Mr.Lee(whom) you want to see has come.
④ The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
⑤ A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

任何一个主语后面都可以加一个定语从句对主语进行修饰
任何一个宾语后面都可以加一个定语从句对宾语/双宾进行修饰
每当造完一个短句子都要时刻提醒自己能不能加定语从句 [人用who whom 物用which that都可以用]

(2) 状语从句 (与含义相关 两句话粘一起) (本质是连词[连接句子])

时间，地点是一对儿；
原因，结果为一家；
条件，目的有虚拟；(一般不用)
我比较喜欢让步的方式
人,物 + 定 (想一想能不能加！)
句子 + 原因结果时间

1) 时间状语从句 (造完句问自己能产生时间吗)

定语从句是内战 状语从句是侵略战争(拉一个句子来)(寻找句子之间的逻辑关系)
When I arrived home, I had a little rest.
He sang as he danced.
You will grow wiser as you grow older.

2) 条件状语从句：(真实条件句和虚拟条件句)

You will fail unless you study hard.
You will not fail if you study hard.
You may go there, as long as you keep quite.
I shall give you the book on condition that you return it tomorrow.
I will go provided that you go too.

3) 让步状语从句

Though/Although it is raining, they are still running outside.
Child though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Tired as he is, he goes on with his work.
Despite/In spite of wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letter.

4) 原因状语从句(+强调句) [找主谓宾 关联连接] (任何一句话都可能变成)

It is because she is too inexperienced that she does know how to deal with the situation
As/Since you are not very well[主谓宾], you had better have a rest.[主谓宾]
= It is Since you are not very well that you had better have a rest

It must have rained last night[主谓宾], for the ground is wet now.[主系表]
= It is because/for the ground is wet now that It must have rained last night

5) 目的状语从句 (怎么怎么滴… 为了… 以防…)

You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather be cold.

注意：lest, in case, for fear that所引导的状语从句中，动词可以用虚拟语气，形式为 should + 动词原形 (条件，目的有虚拟)

People must 关注 the P, lest it should be more and more 严重

6) 结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有：so that, so…that, such…that

He is so young that he can not go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can not go to school.

补充常用句型

① so + 形容词/副词 + that从句
② so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + that从句
③ such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that从句
④ such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词/不可数名词 + that从句

7) 比较状语从句

引导比较状语从句的连词有：as…as, than, not so…as, the more…the more等

He speaks English as fluently as his brother(does).
I can’t jump so/as high as he(does).

8) 地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词有：where, wherever以及 where构成的复合词等

① She found her calculator where she lost it.
② Wherever I am, I will miss you.
③ I happened to see your dictionary lie where I used it last time.
④ I happened to see your dictionary lie in the lab where I used it last time.

9) 方式状语从句

① Just do as you are told.
② The workers went on working as if nothing had happened.

(3) 名词性从句

1) 主语从句

① That she had won the first place(主谓宾) made us very happy(主谓宾宾).
五之一完整的主谓宾 (原因,结果,目的,条件) 五之一完整的主谓宾
【五之一＋连词+五之一】
主语比较长的时候避免头重脚轻 可以用It做形式主语
= It made us very happy that she had won the first place.

② Which team will win the match
= It is still unknown which team will win the match is still unknown.
五之一完整的主谓宾 但是这是主语从句 所以主语就变成了一个句子
people protect the environment(主谓宾做主语) is important要用连词连接一起
= It is important that people protect the environment.(It可做形式主语但不是必须)

补充：用it作形式主语的that-从句

1. It + be + 形容词 + that从句

① It is necessary that… 有必要…
② It is important that… 重要的是…
③ It is obvious that… 很明显

2. It + be + -ed分词 + that-从句

① It is believed that… 人们相信…
② It is known to all that… 纵所周知
③ It has been decided that… 已决定

3. It + be + 名词 + that-从句

① It is common knowledge that… …是常识
② It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…
③ It is a fact that… 事实是

每当写完一个人能不能在人后面加定语从句
每当写完一个物能不能在物后面加定语从句
每当写完一个句子想一想在后面能不能加原因/结果/时间状语从句
写主语的时候想一想能不能把一个句子当主语

2) 宾语从句

3) 表语从句

4) 同位语从句

语言丰富方式二：主动被动适当穿插

1.被动语态的构成

**① 一般现在时**：am/is/are + done
**② 一般过去时**：was/were + done
**③ 一般将来时**：will/shall/be going to be + done
④ 过去将来时：would/should/be going to be + done
⑤ 现在进行时：am/is/are being + done
⑥ 过去进行时：was/were being + done
⑦ 过去完成时：had been + done

2.被动语态的用法(至少3个)

1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是誰 (句子没主语)

① Some new computers were stolen last night.
② This book was published in 1981.

2) 强调动作的承受者

① Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.

3) 主动语态变被动语态的方法

① 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
② 把谓语变成被动结构 (be+过去分词) [被动形式]
③ 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语, 将主格改为宾格

Ⅰ. All the people laughed at him.[一般过去时]
He was laughed at by all the people.

Ⅱ. They make

4) 含有情态动词的被动语态：”情态动词 + be + done”

Ⅰ. We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
Ⅱ. We must finish this work soon.
This work must be done soon.

5) 主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题

① 时态保持一致
Ⅰ. I have repaired my computer. [现在完成时]
My computer has been repaired.

② 被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词
Ⅰ. His best friend often looks after him.
He is often looked after by his best friend.

③ 若双宾语(一个人一个物),将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变
make/buy/get用for； give/send/lend/take用to
Ⅰ. Vivian gave me a book
I was given a book by Vivian.
A book was given to me by Vivian.
双宾： make/buy/get用for； give/send/lend/take用to
一定是一个人一个物
如果先都说人 无论主动被动都没有介词
I’ll give you the child

如果先都说物 无论主动被动都有介词
I am writing to your child

④ 若复合宾语，将主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语，宾补不变
Ⅰ. They call him Louis.
He is called Louis.

⑤ “动词+宾语+宾语补足语”, 将宾语变为被动结构中的主语, 其余不动
Ⅰ. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

⑥ It is said that+从句及类似句型 【据说… 人们…】

​ “It + be + 过去分词 + that从句” 或 “主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do sth”

被动句型(不会改被动就直接套用)
① It is said that... 据说
② It is reported that... 据报道
③ It is believed that... 大家相信
④ It is hoped that... 大家希望
⑤ It is well known that... 众所周知
⑥ It is thought that... 大家认为
⑦ It is suggested that... 据建议

语言丰富方式三：比较结构巧妙使用

1.同级比较

① as…as(出现形容词副词); the same as; the identical with; 与…一样

She has written as many essays as her brother.

② no more… than 或 not…any more than; 和…一样不 (A是不… B也不…)

the more…the more句型【越来越… 越… 越…】

The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

2.表最高程度

① no + 名词 + more…than； 没有什么比…更…; 莫过于

No tool is more powerful for understanding the natural world than the scientific method. 【拉长 添加状语 定语】

② more…than + anyone(和人比)/anything(和物比) else； 比其他任何…都…、没有比…更…

He did more work this morning than anyone else.

3. 表示倍数 【as、of、than】

as…只能跟adj/adv of…只能跟n than…只能跟比较级

① 倍数 + as + 形容词或副词 + as

An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.

② 倍数 + 名词 + of

The bridge is three times the length of that one.

③ 倍数 + 比较级 + than

This hole is three times deeper than that one.

4. more than

① more than + 动词或名词：”不仅仅是, 不只是”

They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little…

② more than + 形容词：非常 (代替not only、very、over)

The USA remains more than capable of holding down.

语言丰富方式四：强调倒装恰当使用

(一) 强调句：It is/was + 被强调的部分 + that + 句子的其他部分

(谓语以外的任何成分都可以放在被强调部分当中进行强调)

改写句子①

Wester health-care system are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.( 可以改成三个强调句)
① It is Wester health-care system that are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.
② It is huge sums of money that Western health-care system are spending on the surgical treatment of the disease.
③ It is **on the surgical treatment of the disease ** that Western health-care system are spending huge sums of money.

改写句子②

Ann Peters’ husband rushed her to a nearby hospital last night.
① It was Ann Peters’ husband that(who) rushed her to nearby hospital last night.
② It was her that(who) Ann Peters’ husband rushed her to nearby hospital last night.
③ It was to a nearby hospital that Ann Peters’ husband rushed her last night.
④ It was last night that Ann Peters’ husband rushed her to a nearby hospital.
提示1：
1.叙述的是现在或者将来：“It is … that … ”
2.叙述的是过去：”It was … that …”

提示2：

强调动词的时候 没有强调句子谓语的强调句，但又其通常的强调手段：do / does / did + 动词原形

I do believe that he is an honest man.
They did go to see you yesterday, but failed to meet you.

(二) 倒装：(主谓 → 谓主) ( 3个被动 定语 原因状语 强调句 倒装[only时间状语 so…that])

① 指将谓语的一部分(如助动词或情态)至主语之前
② 如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，需加助动词do, does或did, 将其置于主语之前

全部倒装

要把所有的谓语都拿到主语前面 和其他成分无关

部分倒装

要把谓语的一部分拿到主语前面
助动词+动词 情态动词+动词

1. only句首

① Only in this way can you learn(介词短语) English well.
② Only after being asked three times(非谓语动词) did he come to the meeting.
③ Only when he is seriously ill(从句) does he ever stay in bed.
Only when 大学生… do they 意识到…

2. 句首为否定意义的词语

如：no, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until…等

① Never have I seen such a performance.
② Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
③ Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

3. so…that 句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装

he was so frightened that he did not dare to move an inch.
=So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

4. 在虚拟语气中, 可将if省略, 采取部分倒装

Were I you, I would try it again

3个被动 定语 原因状语 强调句 倒装 写作必须拥有的

八种万能功能段 (三八大盖)

现象/问题描述功能段

① In recent years, … is becoming increasingly popular/prevalent at an amazing rate.
近年来, …越来越流行(现象)
② Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that…
随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题引起我们的注意 ，其中之一便是…

原因分析功能段 (总原因的阐述)

① A number of factors might contribute to/account for the phenomenon/problem.
许多因素可能是造成这种现象/问题的原因。
② The reasons for … mainly lie in the following two aspects.
原因…主要表现在以下两个方面。
(分原因阐述=>原因数量决定)
① One of the most common factor is that…
② Another contributing cause is…
③ Perhaps the primary reason is that…
④ But the fundamental element is that…

观点阐述功能段

观点主题句
① People have (take,adopt,assume) different attitudes towards.
② People have different opinions on this problem.

观点
① According to a survey, some people are in favor of the idea of doing… They point out the fact that(+支持…的第一个原因) they also argue that… (+支持…的另一个原因)

观点结论功能段

① From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…
根据以上讨论，我们可以得出下面的结论

解决问题功能段

措施主题句
① ___ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life, which has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
…在日常生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用, 它给我们带来了很多好处

分措施
① First and foremost, government should establish some regulations to…
② What’s more, people should get ready to…
③ After all, it is necessary to advocate the whole society to…

解决问题总结句
① In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
总之，如果我们继续忽略上述问题，会有更多问题出现
② From my point of view, college students should … when it comes to … What’s more, we should always bear in mind that…
我认为, … 大学生应该自己…此外, 我们应牢记…

未来展望功能段

① It can directly promote the rapid progress of … , and eventually brings …
它可以直接促进…还可也用来…

漫画/图表描述功能段

① It can be easily seen from the picture(chart/line/graph) that… The picture is intended to inform us of the bad effects of college student’s…
从图片中很容易可以看到, …这幅画是在告诉我们 … 有着不好的影响
② According to the figure/number/statistics in the chart/ bar graph/line, it can be seen that…

引语解释功能段

① There is such a saying … This saying not only emphasizes the importance of… but also indicates that…
有这样一句名言：….这句话不仅强调了…的重要性，而且指出…

附加：举例子

① There may be no better example than the following one.