主谓一致

语法一致

单复数名词与谓语动词一致

谓语动词的单、复数形式与主语的单、复数形式一致，即当主语为单数时，谓语动词用单数；主语谓复数时，谓语动词也用复数。

it、she、he(三单)

She likes the novel question

单数主语

• 不可数名词[time]及可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式

• ==many a(n) + 单数名词 + 谓语动词单数 [许多]==
  Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.

• ==more than one + 单数名词 + 谓语动词单数 [不止一个]==
  More than one student was punished

复数主语

• 可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
  These questions are right.
  They like the novel question.

• ==用and或both … and… 连接的并列主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式==
  Boys and girls behave differently.

• ==and连接的并列主语被each、every或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式==
  Each boy and(each) girl behaves[behave的第三人称单数] differently.

语法一致

• ==当”分数/百分数 + of + 名词“作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与名词保持一致==
  Two fifths of the boys in the class have finished the work.
  Two sixths of the land in that district is covered with tress.
• ==a number of + 复数名词 + 谓语动词复数 [许多]
  the number of + 复数名词 + 谓语动词单数 […的数量]==
  The number of business failures has risen
  企业倒闭**的数量增加了。
  A number of houses were burnt down in the fire.
  在火灾中，许多**房子被烧毁了。

就远原则

• 当主语后面带有==with、along with、together with、like(像)、but(除了)、except、besides、as well as、no less than、rather than(而不是)、including、in addition to==等连接的短语时，【谓语动词的单、复数形式依然与前面的主语(远一点的主语)保持一致】

  The teacher together with his students is taking lessons. [is是看together with 前面的主语 而不是 his students]

  Nobody but two students is in the classroom.

  Everybody except you is down on me.

  John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.

  Jim, together with his classmates, has[找Jim] seen the film.

  The funds rather than mental support are what the organization needs most now.

@@ I as well as my family am going off to Hawaii for a holiday this afternoon. 我和我的家人今天下午要去夏威夷度假了

• ==不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句或 “疑问词/whether to do” 作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式==

To love her is not to break her wings.
Staying up late is bad for your health.
Whether we will go there tomorrowit is unknown.
= Whether to go there tomorrow is unknown.

名词复数加s、动词单数有s [复数没有s]

英语名词，表示复数的时候需要加s或es，表示单数的时候不需要加s；
英语动词，当主语是第三人称单数的时候,其后面的谓语动词需要加s；还有在表示习惯性动作，有时候也会加s。

One third of the students in our class want to go boating, and the number of them is 20.

意义一致

• 集体名词作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数形式，比如police、people、youth
  The police are also looking for a second car.
• 有些集体名词如audience、committee、government、family、enemy、group、party、team、public作主语时：【通过句意来分析整体还是单独】
  ①强调整体时，谓语动词用单数形式
  ②强调全体人员时，谓语动词用复数形式

The audience was helpless with laughter.
The audience were stamping and cheering.
My family are all tall.
My family is very large.

• ==表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等名词作主语时，尽管是复数形式，它们作为一个单一的概念时，其谓语动词用单数形式==
  Eight hours of sleep is enough.
  Five thousand miles is a long distance.
• ==以**-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics、mathematics、economics等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数**形式==
  Physics is a very interesting subject.

就近原则

就近原则是指谓语动词的单、复数形式与离它最近的主语的单、复数形式保持一致

• ==由here、there、where等引导的倒装句中==，(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词的单、复数形式与靠近它的主语一致
  There is ==a pen== and several books on the desk.
  Here is ==Mr. Brown== and his children

• ==由or、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also==等连接的并列成分作主语时【谓语动词的单复数形式应与or后面的主语保持一致】
  Either you or ==she== is to go.
  Neither the students nor the ==teacher== knows anything about it. 学生和老师都不知道这件事

特殊情况

• 两个单数名词用and连接时，动词一般用复数
  The poet and the writer have come. 名词and名词(复数)
  The poet and writer has come.

• none指不可数，用单数；指可数，用复数或单数
  None of the money is mine.
  None of the boys like/likes it.

• **不定式、动名词或从句作主语**，谓语动词用单数
  To know something about English is one thing;
  to know English is quite another.

  Walking is good exercise.
  What you need is a good rest.
  注意：若用作主语是what引导的从句，其后为系表结构，且表语为复数，主句谓语通常要用复数

  What I want are details.
  What is needed are rational and firm actions.

• one or two + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数
  “a/one + 单数名词 + or two“，作主语，谓语动词用单数。
  Only one or two students were late today.
  今天只有一两个同学迟到
  One student or two was late today.

• a great(good) deal of / a large amount of / a bit of + 不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式

• 不定复合代词(everyone)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式

@@ She is the only one of the girls who wears short hair in her class.

one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句 结构中，从句一般修饰复数名词的，从句的谓语动词应该用复数形式；而当one of之前有了the，the only，the mere，the very等修饰时，从句一般是修饰one的，所以从句谓语动词应该是单数形式。

• ==has been 和 has done 都是现在完成时态，前者用于主系表句型，后者用于主谓宾句型。==

• ==”a/this/that pair of + 复数名词“ 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式==

特殊句型

强调句

强调的三种方法：词汇手段、语法手段、位置手段

词汇手段

1. ==通过副词对所修饰内容进行强调==

just、simply、deeply”强烈地；深深地“、ever、too、extremely”极其地“、highly”高度地、非常地“、really、indeed”的确，真正地“、particular”特别的，挑剔的“、so、only、strongly、very、at all”(否定句) 根本；究竟“

You don’t love me at all, just love yourself.

2. ==通过whatever、whenever、wherever、however、whoever和no matter what / when / where / how / who等来加强语气==

I will wait for you, however long it takes.

3. 通过助动词do (does和did) 强调谓语动词
   主语 + do(does/did) + 动词原形 + 其他
   意为“**务必，确实，一定**”

I do love her；I did love her；He does love her.
You must believe me! I did see him at the hotel one hour ago.

语法手段

1. 陈述句的强调句型：
   It is / was + 被强调部分(主、宾、状) + ==that/who==…,
   否定形式：It is / was not + 被强调部分 + that/who…,
   被强调的部分不能是谓语
   I saw him at the hotel yesterday.
   => It was me that/who saw him at the hotel yesterday.
   => It was him that/who I saw at the hotel yesterday.
   => It was at the hotel that I saw him yesterday.
   => It was yesterday that I saw him at the hotel.
2. It is / was not until… that…
   I didn’t recognize him until he took off his dark glasses.
   => It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I recognized him.

==(重要句型) it is / was not until … that (肯定形式)==

He didn’t go to bed until/till his wife came back.
=> It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed

3. 强调句型的一般疑问句形式：
   It is / was + 被强调部分(主、宾、状) + that/who…,
   => Was/Is it + 被强调部分(主、宾、状) + that/who…,

   It was yesterday that I saw him at the hotel.
   => Was it yesterday that I saw him at the hotel?

4. 强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：

   ==疑问代词或疑问副词 + is/was it that==
   It was yesterday that I saw him at the hotel.
   => When was it that you saw him at the hotel？

判断句子强调句型的方法:
==去掉it is/was 和that后，剩余部分（(经调整后)是否依然是个完整的句子; 若是，就是强调结构，否则就不是。例如: [要区分主语从句/强调句]==

It is a pity that you could not come. 真遗憾，你不能来
(去掉It is 和 that后，句子不成立，it作形式主语)
It was at ten that he got home. 他是十点回到家的
(去掉it was 和 that后，原句可调整为: He got home at ten. 句子完整)

@@ Was it five o’clock when the fire broke out ?
该题不可填that，这不是强调句。因为在强调句中，若去掉强调句的结构
词it is /was…that..，句子结构仍然完整,但此句不是这样，若去掉结构词，即为”Five o’clock the fire broke out”，句子不完整，但若在five o’clock前加上介词at则句子完整，因为 at five o’clock 用作时间状语。” when the fire broke out”为时间状语从句。

倒装句

主语和谓语是句子的核心，一般情况下主语置于谓语之前但在某些情况下，将谓语动词的全部或者一部分放在主语之前，句子语序发生改变，这样的句子叫作倒装句。

正常：The bus comes here.
倒装：Here comes the bus.

完全倒装[ There be + 时间、地点、方位副词 ]

1. ==there be句型的倒装==
   there be句型中be动词可以替换为live、happen、exist、remain、stand等动词
   There are many students in the classroom.
   教室有很多学生
   There stood poor Gerda, without shoes.

2. ==表示时间、地点和方位的副词位于句首时的倒装==
   当here、there、out、in、up、then、away、back等副词置于句首，谓语动词为be、come、go、lie、run等表示动作的动词时，需完全倒装。
   By his side stood his son.

3. There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了

   ==若主语为人称代词，则不用倒装==
   Away went they. 他们走了 (×)
   Away they went. (√)

部分倒装

1. ==助动词或情态动词 + 主语 + 实义动词==

   带否定意义的词位于句首时的倒装：
   no、not、never、seldom/rarely (很少)、in no way(绝不)hardly/scarcely(几乎不) 、not only…but (also)(不但…而且…)、little、not until(直到…….才…….)

   Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.
   太阳不仅带给我们光明，也带给我们热量

   The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.
   =>Not until the child fell asleep did助动词 the mother主语 leave实义动词 the room.

   ==**hardly**置于句首== hardly(几乎不)
   Hardly had she spoken when she regretted it bitterly
   话刚出口，她就后悔不已

   ==seldom置于句首==
   Seldom have I read an article that was so full of lies.
   我很少读到充斥这么多谎言的文章

   ==neither置于句首==
   I can’t ever recall Dad hugging me. Neither did I sit on his knee.
   我不记得爸爸曾经抱过我，我也没在他膝盖上坐过

   ==nor置于句首==
   He doesn’t want to live in the country when he grows up, nor does he want to live in the city.
   他长大后不想住在乡下，也不想住在城里。

   ==little置于句首==
   Little did they know they were to be reunited ten yearslater.
   他们简直想不到10年后竟又能团聚。

   ==no sooner置于句首== no sooner…than
   No sooner had l got into the house than the phone rang．
   我刚进屋，电话铃就响了。

2. “only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句” 位于句首时的倒装:
   only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句 + 主语 + 实义动词 + …
   Only then did I realize the importance of English.
   直到那时我才意识到英语的重要性
   Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
   只有通过这种方式你学英语才会取得进步

3. ==so、neither、nor + 助动词或情态动词 +主语==
   If you won’t go, neither/nor will I
   如果你不去，我也不去

   She has been to Beijing, so has he
   她去过北京，他也去过

4. so + 助动词 + 主语表示前面提出的情况也适用于后者
   so do I. 我也是
   so + 主语＋助动词表示对前面情况的赞同肯定
   So she does. 她的确是(喜欢英语)

   Bob has made great progress recently.
   So he has, and so have you.

   so + 主语 + 助动词/情态动词/be动词 表示事情的确如此，是对前面句子内容的同意或肯定，如果前面所述情况也适用于后者，后面的句子常用so(肯定句)，neither或nor(否定句)引出倒装句

5. 虚拟条件句的倒装
   当虚拟条件句中从句谓语动词有were、had、should时可将if省略，并把were、had、should移到主语之前
   if + 主语 + were、had、should + … , …
   => were/had/should + 主语 + … , …

   If I were you, I would try again.
   => Were I you, I would try again.

   If they hadn’t helped us, we wouldn’t have finished the work on time.
   => **Had they not helped us, **we wouldn’t have finished the work on time.

6. ==**as引导的让步状语从句**的倒装==
   表语、状语、谓语动词部分的实义动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词
   He is clever but he doesn’t study well.
   => Clever as he is, he doesn’t study well.

   Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
   => Child as he is, he knows a lot. [句首名词不能带冠词]

@@ Hard as she worked, she failed again in the test and felt very depressed.
分析题意可知，**题目是让步状语从句，as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装，将形容词/副词**提到句首进行倒装

反意疑问句

反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后，对所陈述的事实附加一个简短的疑问句。其结构为”完整的陈述句+简短的问句”
若前一部分的内容为肯定形式，则后一部分用否定形式，反之，则用肯定形式。
==[前肯后否，前否后肯]
[前肯后否，前否后肯]==

1. ==主谓宾/主系表，**助动词(not) + 主语 ？ **==
   如果陈述句没有助动词，那就用do来代替，如果陈述句有助动词[have]就用原来词代替
   They work hard, don’t they ?
   他们工作很努力，不是吗？
   You haven’t seen the film, have you ?
   你买看过这部电影，是吗？

2. 若陈述句部分中含有be动词，则问句中用be动词
   He is a student, isn’t he?
   他是一个学生，不是吗？

3. 若陈述句部分中出现have/has/had构成的完成形式(have/has/had done)，表示“已经“时，问句部分用have/has/had。
   若陈述句部分中出现have/has/had，表示“有;吃“等含义时，等同于实义动词，问句部分用do/does/did

   They had lunch at our favorite restaurant, didn’t they?
   他们去了我们最喜欢的饭店吃午饭，不是吗?
   You didn’t see the film, did you?
   你没有看那部电影，是吗?

   当陈述句部分含有few、never、little、nothing、nobody 、no、seldom、hardly、none、too…to等表示否定意义的词时，其附加问句部分应用肯定形式。
   She hardly[前否] writes to you, does she? [后肯]

4. 当陈述句部分含有un-、dis-、-less等表示否定意义的前缀或后缀时，附加问句仍用否定形式
   It is unfair, isn’t it?
   You dislike her, don’t you?

   考点:当陈述句部分是there be结构时，附加问句部分用be (not) there
   There is a tree in front of the building, isn’t there?
   大楼前面有一棵树，是吗?

5. ==以let’s开头的析使句，附加问句部分应用shall we;==
   以let us(表示不包括听话人）开头的祈使句，附加问句部分应用will you;
   以let me开头的祈使句，附加疑问句部分用will you或may l
   Let’s go to the park, shall we?
   让我们去公园，好吗?
   Let us help you, will you?
   让我们来帮你，好吗?
   Let me treat you a drink, may l ?
   我请你喝一杯，可以吗?

感叹句

1. [由what引导感叹句]

==what + a(n) + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 (+主+谓)==
What an excellent girl she is!
她是一个多么优秀的女孩啊！

==what + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 (+主+谓)==
What great athletes they are!

==what + 形容词 + 不可数名词 (+主+谓)==
What dirty water it is!
多么脏的水啊！

2. [由how引导感叹句]

==how + 形容词/副词 (+主+谓）==
What great athletes they are!
=> How great the athletes are!

==**how **+ 形容词 + a(an) + 可数名词单数 (+其他)!==
What an excellent girl she is!
=> How excellent a girl she is!

3. how + 主语 + 谓语
   How time files！
   时间过得真快！

@@ 现在完成时：之前的动作对现在造成的影响