形容词

用于修饰名词或不定代词表示人或事物的性质状态和特征。一般置于所修饰的名词之前。

常见的后缀：**-ful；-ble；-ive；-less；-ous；-ed；-ing…**
-ful: harmful, colorful, useful, successful, beautiful.
-ble: comfortable, valuable, terrible, suitable…
-ive: active, positive, negative…
-ous: serious, curious, delecious…
-ed: interested, moved, pleased, disappointed…
-ing: interesting, moving, pleasing, disappointing…

形容词的句中作用

• 做表语(形容词是词性；表语是句子成分)

You are so kind. He looks cool. I will be rich and free.

• 做主语补足语和宾语补足语[补充主语/宾语状态]

Mary was being kept busy in the kitchen.
You make me happy.

做定语

• 作前置定语

​ a handsome boy a beautiful lady

• 作后置定语(汉语和英语最重要的差距)

​ something important the girl alive the workers absent

什么时候使用后置定语？

① 当形容词所修饰的词由any，every，some，no等和body，thing构成的复合不定代词时，需要将形容词后置

some-	-body
any-	-one
every-	-thing
no-	-where

something interesting nothing important everything suspicious anything valuable

② 特殊词的特殊用法：enough
==修饰名词很自由，可以置前也可后，若是修饰形或副，后置一定要记住==

enough作限定词讲时，意为“足够的，充足的”，作定语修饰名词时，常位于名词之前，有时也可位于名词之后；
l don’t know enough words to write well. = l don’t know words enough to write well.

enough作副词讲时，意为”足够地，充足地，相当”，修饰动词、形容词或副词时，应后置。
The math problem is hard erough for him. = The boy is not old enough to go to school.

③ 部分带有前缀-a的形容词，如absent，alike, alive, alone，asleep, afraid等，修饰名词时，需后置。
Do you know the man asleep?
He was the only man alive.

The students present are all outstanding.
The workers absent refuse to discuss.

多个形容词的排序

美小圆旧黄，中国木书房
[美：描绘词；小圆：形状；旧：老旧；黄：颜色；中国：归属；木书房：材料+类别,材料]

限定词(冠词、代词、数词) → 描绘词,特征词 → 大长高,形状 → 年龄,老旧 → 颜色 → 归属:从哪来 → 材料

eg：两件又新又漂亮的绿色丝绸女士晚礼服
Two beautiful new green silk evening dress.
eg：一个旧的很漂亮的黑色的日本式的方形木制小写字桌
A pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk

近形词辨析

respectable 值得尊敬的 respected 受尊敬的
respectful 对人尊敬的 respective 分别的

We all went back to our respective homes after playing.
He is a respectable teacher.
He is now a respected writer.
The workers are respectful to me.

近义词辨析

special 特别的；专门的(把一个具体事物特殊化)
specific 特定的；具体的(把一个广泛事物具体化)

You’re very special to me, darling.
We do not have special treatment.
Please give me a specific instruction.
There was a specific tool for each job.

empty: 空无 (完全不存在内容物,尤指没有在通常情况下应有的事物)
blank: 空白 (缺少某些内容,尤其指有待填写的内容)
vacant: 空缺的 (某物处于没有被利用的状态，unoccupied)

Three empty houses；some empty bottles.
Fill in the blacks according to the passage.
vacant rooms; apply for a vacant position.

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形容词和介词的搭配

形容词+about 关于：事
be angry about因……而愤怒
be particular about 对…讲究/挑剔
be serious about 对…是认真的
be worried about为…担忧

You should be angry about his promise,
She isn’t particular about the rules of ordering dishes.
To be serious about life, to be active in life.
He was worried about losing his job.

形容词+for 具体事物：为，因为
be anxious for 渴望 = be eager for be responsible for 对……负责
be good for 有益于；对…有好处 be necessary for 对……有必要
be famous for 因……而著名 be ready for 为……做准备

Students are always anxious for the summer vacation come.
He would be famous for the game.
You should be responsible for your choices.
Water is necessary for life.
I**’m ready for** any questions you may ask.

形容词+of 具体事物：表明性质、情感
be full of 充满 be fond of 喜欢 be proud of 为…..骄傲
be jealous of 嫉妒 be aware of 知道 be independent of 不依赖,独立于

They are full of energy.
You ought to be proud of yourself.
Advanced students need to be aware of the importance of collocation.
That old lady is jealous of my youth.
You could be independent of your parents.

形容词+at 强烈反应
be good at擅长做… be disappointed at 对…感到失望
be angry at对…发怒 be surprised at对…感到惊讶
be annoyed at 对…恼怒，厌烦 be astonished at 对…感到十分惊讶

She was ready to be angry at anyone.
She was annoyed at the boys alivays calling here.
They would be disappointed at the news.
You may be surprised at her answer.
l was astonished at the news.

形容词+from 远离
be absent from 缺席，不在 be far from 距离…远
be free from 没有，免受 be safe from 免受…的伤害
different from 与…不同

You should not be absent from class.
Please be far from dangerous things.
His world seemed so different from mine.
be free from worries
Food would be safe from flooding.

形容词+to 朝向/对于
be accustomed to习惯 be loyal to 对…忠诚
be devoted to献身于，专心于 be beneficial to 对…有益
be equal to等于，能胜任 be similar to 和…相似

You will be accustomed to the situatio.
He used to be devoted to readling when he was free.
No man’s power can be equal to his will.
We should be loyal to our friends.
be beneficial to your grade
My story is one that may be similar to yours.

形容词+in 专注
be engaged in 从事于，忙于 be lacking in 缺乏
be absorbed in 专注于 be rich in 富有…的[一般不指钱]
be expert in 在…方面是行家

l am engaged in this job.
l can be absorbed in what l am doing.
He is expert in English sp eech.
He is lacking in courage.
He is believed to be rich in mind.

形容词+with 情感缘由
be familiar with熟悉，精通 be patient with 对(某人)有耐心
be pleased with对…满意(高兴) be popular with受…欢迎

You need to be familiar with the test.
Teachers should be patient with students.
The boss should be pleased with you.
The singer will be popular with young people.

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副词

用于修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念

形容词变副词的转化规则

1、一般情况下，直接加ly。careful → carefully
2、以辅音字母+y结尾，将y改成ily。happy → happily
3、以辅音字母加le结尾，去e加y。gentle → gently
4、以ic结尾，加ally。basic → basically
5、以ll结尾，加y。full → fully
6、特殊情况：truly 真实地

副词的分类

时间频率副词 + 地点副词 + 方式副词

顺序：[方式-地点-时间]

时间频率副词

now、then、often、always、usually、sometimes、already(已经)、yet、generally(一般地)、shortly(很快)、frequently(频繁地)、seldom(很少地)、never、soon、immediately(立即)、finally、ever、before、ago、later、yesterday、tomorrow、once、twice、third

地点副词

here、there、everywhere、anywhere、somewhere、in、out、inside、outside、above、below、down、back、forward(向前地)、home、school、upstairs(在楼上)、downstairs、across、along、round、around、near

方式副词

**carefully仔细地、normally正常地、politely有礼貌地、proudly自豪地、warmly温暖地、slowly缓慢地、badly严重地、恶劣地、bravely勇敢地**。

大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但**friendly、deadly、lovely、lonely、likely、lively、ugly**仍为形容词

作状语

He sincerely believes that this is the right decision.
The music is too loud.
She spoke too quickly.
Sometimes, the life seems so unfair.
too+形容词+to do表示”太…….以至于不能….”。
He is too old to work.他年纪太大，无法工作了。

作表语

Positive ideas are everywhere. 积极的想法到处都是。

作补足语

Only struggle can help us out. 只有奋斗才是我们的出路。

==排序顺序一般是：方式-地点-时间 [有时时间副词也可以放句首]==
The students did well(方式副词) here(地点副词) yesterday(时间副词)
昨天同学们在这里干得非常好

常见的副词辨析

近形词辨析

hard 努力地 You should study hard.
hardly 几乎不 I can hardly believe it.

late 晚，迟 Don’t be late
lately 最近 She had lately returned from Beijing
later 之后 See you later
latest 最(近/新)的 Have you heard the latest news？
latter 后者 The latter point is the most important

sometime 某时 We must get together sometime [时间点]
sometimes 有时候 Even friends disagree sometimes
some time 一段时间 I’d like some time to consider [断开：时间段]
some times 几次，几倍 Our school is some times larger than yours [某些 次数]

so + adj + a 名词 I have so big a house.
such + a + adj. 名词 I have such a big house.
“so…that”与”such…that”都可用于引导结果状语从句，表示”如此…….以致于”。So+形容词/副词+that从句
such+a(n)(+形容词)+可数名词单数+that从句
such +(+形容词)+可数名词复数+that从句
such +(+形容词)+不可数名词+that从句

原级表达法

① 原级比较 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 和 not + as/so + 形容词或副词原级 + as

• as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 表示“**两者一样…**”

The coat is as expensive as that one.这件大衣与那件一样贵。
Mary rides her bike as slowly as an old lady.玛丽骑车跟老太太一样慢。

• not + as/so + 形容词或副词原级 + as 表示 “**…不如…**”

They are not as/so excited as Henry. 他们没亨利那么兴奋
Mark does not speak English as/so well as Peter does. 马克英语说得没有彼得好

② as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 和not + as/so + 形容词或副词原级 + as

• 当as..as结构中含有名词时，应使用”as + 形容词原级 + a/an + 可数名词单数+as“或”as + many/much/few/little + 可数名词复数/不可数名词+as“结构。

This is as interesting a TV programme as the other is.
这个电视节目和另一个一样有趣。
They sold as many apples as Mike did.
他们卖出的苹果和迈克一样多

比较级的用法

1. 形容词或副词的比较级+than 比…..更…
   You are taller than l.
   China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
   He did much better than her.
2. the形容词或副词的比较级，the形容词或副词的比较级 越……就越…..

The more you get, the more you want.
The more hard-working you are， the more successful you will be.

3. 形容词或副词比较级and形容词或副词比较级more and more / less and less+形容词或副词原级越…
   He is taller and taller.
   You are more and more beautiful !
   l hope sate market will become better and better.
4. 少数形容词如superior(优于)，inferior(低于)，junior(年幼于)，senior(年长于)，prior (优先于)等本身就带有比较级含义，使用be superior/inferior/junior/prior to进行比较用法
   Experts stated this method was superior to others. 专家们指出这种方法优于其他方法。
   This task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有任务都重要。

比较级前面不能再用more，要用even → even hootter

变化规则(不规则变化)
good/well-better-best
bad/ill—worse-worst
old-older/elder-oldest/eldest
many/much-more-most
little—less—least
far—/further-farthest/furthest

最高级的用法
形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词”the”，常用基本句式是”主语 + 谓语 + the + 最高级 + 名词 + 表示比较范围的介词短语或从句“
He is theallest boy in his school. 他是学校最高的男生。
lt is the most difficult question in the exam. 这是测验中最难的一道题。

比较级和最高级还可以被修饰
much = a lot = far much taller a little easier a little = slightly even
第三长 the third longest 第二大 the second largest

“not+as+形容词或副词原级+as“用于两者之间，表示一方不及另一方”

倍数表达法

1. “倍数+as+形容词或副词原级+as“表示”……是…….的…..倍“
   The mango is two times/twice as big as that one.
   这个芒果是那个芒果的两倍大。
   This room is four times as large as mine.
   这个房间是我的房间的四倍大。

2. “倍数+形容词或副词比较级+than“表示“**…….是……的……倍**”
   This bridge is twice longer than that one.
   这座桥是那座桥的两倍长。

3. “倍数+the size/height/length/width…+of”表示”……是……大、高、长、宽的……倍“

   This chair is six times the height of that one.
   这把椅子是那把椅子的六倍高

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连词

并列连词

并列连词连接的单词、短语或句子之间都存在并列关系。句子和句子之间的性质和成分都相同

• and

以and为代表的表示并列关系的并列连词: both…and…； not only… but(also)..； as well as…(以及)； neither…nor…(既不…也不)等

• or

以or为代表的表示选择关系的并列连词: **either…or…(要么…要么…)；rather…than…(宁愿…不愿…)；whether…or…(是…还是…)**等

• but

以but为代表的表示转折关系的连词: **while, not…but…(不是…而是…)**等

• so

以so because为代表的表示因果关系的连词: **for, since, as, therefore(因此)**等

标记状语从句，并让从句与主句相连接的连词

主句 + 从属连词 + 从句 从属连词 [简单从属连词、复合从属连词、关联从属连词]
You should stop bothering me 主句 when I’m working从句

简单从属连词[单个单词]

• 表示时间：when(当…时)、while (与….同时[发生]、转折然而)、before(在…前)、after (在…后)、as(正当…时)、until(直到…才)、since(自从现在完成时)
• 表示原因和结果：so(因此)、as(由于)、because(因为)
• 表示让步：though(虽然)
• 表示条件：unless(除非)、if(如果)
• 表示疑问：if/whether(是否)
• 表示目的：lest(以免)

复合从属连词[多个单词复合]

• 以that结尾：on condition that(条件是…)；so that（以便…) ；in order that(为了，以便…)；in that(由于，既然)；now that(既然)；supposing that（假设)；given that(考虑到…)；for fear that(以免…)

• 以as结尾：as/so far as(至于…)；as/so long as(只要…)；as soon as(一…就…)

in case(以防，万一)、as if(正如…)、no matter what/who/how/when/where(不论…)

关联从属连词[由两个关联词构成]

although…yet…(虽然…但是..)；as…as…(和…..一样)；not so/as…as…(不如…一样)；not…but…(不是…而是)
(just)as…so…(正如…一样)；so/such…that(如此…以致于…)；whether…or…(无论…还是…)
no sooner…than..(一…就…)；hardly…when…(一…就…)

区分so that 和 so…that…

① **so that 引导目的状语从句，意为”以便;为了”**，常放于句中，相当于in order to/so as to。
而in order to常放于句首或句中，so as to常放于句末。
例句: LiHua studies hard so that he can get a good grade in final exam. 李华学习努力是为了在期末考试中取一个好成绩。
② so…that…意为”如此…….以至于…..”，so是副词，常常用来修饰形容词和副词that引导结果状语从句。
例句: He is so excellent that every teacher likes him.他是如此的优秀以至于每个老师都喜欢他。

now that：既然； by now：到如今； for now：至今为止； ever since：从那时起

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介词

介词是一种虚词，不能单独作为句子成分，通常用在名词或代词之前，置于介词后的动词，需使用动名词(v-ing)形式。

简单介词：由一个不可分割的单词构成
in, on, about, above, after , against, among, as, at,before, behind，besides, between, by, for等

双重介词：两个介词一起使用
as for, except for(除…之外), from behind(从…后面), from among(从…之中),
from under(从…下面), inside of(在…里面), outside of(在…外面), until after(直到…之后)等

分词介词：由动词的分词转化而来
concerning, considering, including, following, regading等

短语介词：一个短语行使介词的功能

• 表示地点︰at , in, on, to, above, over, below, under, beside, behind, between
• 表示时间∶in, on, at, after, from, since, behind
• 表示运动︰across, through, past, to, towards, onto，into, up, down
• 表示进行︰at, under, on
• 表示其他︰on, about, by, with, in

介词in

• 表示“在…里面”或”在…其中(包含在…之内)”

The bird is in the box. There are 31 days in May.

• in其后可加语言，表示“用某种语言”或”在某种语言里“

He answered my questions in English. There are some exotic words in French

• in + 颜色词表示穿某种颜色的衣服，同时in其后搭配帽子等服饰，可表示穿戴[with glasses]

He was dressed all in black. He looked very handsome in his suit.

表示时间的介词
in、on、at它们都有“在”的意思

＞1天	in	in年in月in四季；上午下午和晚上(in summer; in the morning)
= 1天	on	on加周末和星期；还有具体某一天(On Monday; On June 1st)
＜1天	at	at要加时间点；中午夜里和黎明(at 5o’clock; at night)

表示地点、方位的介词

里面in 上面on , at用在某点上
at用在小地方，in要用在大地方
in front of前面跑，behind后面追
来自from，朝向to，原因for; over, under上下方
里面穿过用through，表面穿过across

at home；in the office；on the table；in Beijing；in China；through tunnel

分词介词

分词介词即指由动词分词演变的介词，大多数是由现在分词变化而来，如:

concerning(关于)、considering(考虑到)、excluding(除…之外)、following (在…之后)、
including(包括)、involving(涉及)、regarding(关于)、given(考虑到)

Following the speech, there will be a few minutes for questions. 演说之后会有几分钟提问时间。
Considering he is a little boy, he does a good job. 鉴于他还是个孩子他己经做得很好了。

短语介词

短语介词即一个短语有介词的功能，如∶

according to (根据)、along with(和…在一起)、due to(因为)、thanks to(幸亏)、
by means of(依靠)、in honor of(出于对…的敬意，为了纪念…)，
in the event of(如果…发生)、to the best of(竭尽…)

ln the event of fire, ring the alarm bell. 如果着火，就按警铃。
Thanks to that job I became a teacher. 多亏了那份工作我才成了一名老师。

介词短语

介词短语的构成形式
①介词+名词，
如: Health is above health．健康胜过财富。
②介词+代词,
如: Difficult people only care about themselves. 难相处的人只关心自己。
③介词＋动名词，如:
By reading we enrich the mind.通过阅读我们可以丰富思想

介词短语的语法功能

①作定语
介词短语作定语位于所修饰的名词之后，如:
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交是真正的朋友。
②作表语
The future is in your power. 未来在你自己的掌握之中。
③作状语和补足语
The policee caught the thief in that corner. 警察在那个角落抓住了小偷
He asked me lo put the books on the shell. 他让我把这些书放到架子上

常见的介词短语

about
what about怎么样 how about怎么样

after
after all毕竟 one after another相继地

before
long before很久以前

by
by accident偶然地 by mistake错误地

under
under control处于控制之下

above
above all尤其是

over
over all遍及

except(同类)[除…之外]；except for(不同类)[除…之外]；besides[除…之外 还]

Keep in touth with + sb
Miss Smith andl keep in touch___writing often.
A. with B. on C. by D. from
16.【解析】C
作“用”讲时，by和with 的区别在于: with表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般要有冠词; by表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不带冠词。句意:我和史密斯小姐经常互通书信保持联系。