考试题型

词汇与结构、阅读理解、完形填空[15词选10(语法、词汇、句型、搭配)]、段落翻译、写作

直接宾语通常都是物。
**间接宾语**说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。

定语：[限定范围]一般用形容词或形容词性从句来充当。被翻译成：**…的**

状语：描述谓语动词作用状态的句子成分。
可说明：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度

补语：对句子进行补充，使其意义完整。
分为宾语补足语和主语补足语(表语)
两个特点：
补语是句子中不可省略的成分
She heard Jean singing.
we keep the classroom (is) clean.
l found the homework difficult.
宾语和补语间加入be动词后能够构成一个完整的句子，且该句阐述的信息和原句意图表达的信息基本相同

表语：[必须要有系动词]属于主语补足语，是指说明主语的身份、性质、品质、特征和状态的词或从句
表语常由名词、形容词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、副词来充当，它常位于系动词(be动词am/is/are或感官系动词smell/taste/feel)之后
He is a teacher.
The food tastes good ,
l feel sick.

同位语：是一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。
可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数次、介词短语和句子等。
His brother Alex is a famous writer.
Are you three all right?
We heard the news that our team had won.

简单句：只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分
The policeman looked at me suspiciously.
He asked me.

并列句：包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间通常由并列连词链接
The policeman looked at me suspiciously , and he asked me.

复合句：由主句和从句构成，内含一个或一个以上的从句
He asked me what I wanted

并列复合句：由一个复合句和另一个简单句/复合句由并列连词链接而成。
The policeman looked at me suspiciously , and he asked me what I wanted

从说话人说话的目的来看

陈述句:用来叙述事实或表达意见，句尾用句号。
l saw him just now.(肯定)
l don’t know about the news.(否定)

疑问句:用来提出疑问，句尾用问号。
Did you see him just now?

祈使句:表示请求、命令、允许等。
Please come in.
Nobody move!

感叹句:表示强烈情感或情绪的句子，句尾常用感叹号
How time flies!

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英语句子最基本结构：主谓结构

简单句分类

• 主谓结构：主语＋谓语动词(不及物动词)

一句话不是只有主语和谓语就行，还要考虑时态

• 主谓宾结构：主语 + 谓语动词(及物动词) + 宾语

主谓宾结构的谓语必须是实义动词(及物动词)

• 主系表结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
• 主谓宾宾补结构：She made me laughed.
• 主谓双宾(直接+间接)：I give him a book.

结论：有时态变化的实义动词或系动词才是谓语

主系表结构的谓语必须是系动词
系动词：
[be动词：am, is, are]
[感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel]
[变化：become, get, go, turn]
[保持：keep, stay, remain]

谓语的成分
误: His father must very violent.
正: His father must be very violent.
不是所有的动词都可以作谓语。情态动词不能单独做谓语。
结论：当需要动词而又没有动词时，永远只加be动词
比较：I am against(介词 前可be) you. I oppose(实义动词 前不可am) you.
误: I am love my father.
正: I love_my father.
两者只能取其一。

动词能不能多？
误：My dream is become a teacher.
Beat you is my fault.
Four ladies were kill by him.

正：My dream is to become a teacher.
Beating you is my fault.
Four ladies were killed by him.
结论：一句话只能有一个动词，并且充当谓语，其他所有不作谓语的动词都要变成非谓语

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名词

名词的分类

专有名词：表示具体的人名、书名、地名、国名、机构、节日、月份和星期等的名词

其首字母要大写[表示地名、组织名不用]

The Dream of the Red Chamber 红楼梦
the Great Wall 长城
the World Trade Organization(WTO) 世贸组织
Spring Festival 春节

普通名词

• 个体名词：单个人或事物的名称 [student学生 mango芒果]
• 集体名词：若干个人或事物组成的集合体 [class班级 fruit水果]
• 物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，材料，液体，气体，食物，饮料等事物 [water水 oxygen氧气 fire火]
• 抽象名词：动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象概念 [joy喜悦 honesty诚实]

名词的数：[个体名词+集体名词] apple、desk、student
不可数名词：[物质名词+抽象名词] water、office、love

可数名词变复数的规则变化

• 一般直接在名词词尾+s
• 以字母 -s，-sh，-ch，-x和以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词变复数直接在词尾+es
• 部分以**字母o结尾的外来名词和以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词变复数应在词尾+s**：
  [photo—photos照片、piano—pianos钢琴、radio—radios收音机、zoo—zoos动物园]
• 以字母 -f或-fe 结尾的名词变复数，要将f或fe改为v再+es
  [knife—knives刀、leaf—leaves叶子、life—lives生命、wolf—wolves狼]
• 以“辅音字母+y“结尾的名词变复数，要将y改为i再+es。但以”元音字母+y”结尾的名词变复数，直接加-s.
  [city—cities城市、baby—babies婴儿、story—stories故事、country—countries国家、play—plays戏剧、toy—toys 玩具]
• 词尾发生特殊形式变化
  [child—children孩子、mouse—mice老鼠、ox—oxen公牛、criterion—criteria标准、medium—media媒介、phenomenon—phenomena现象]
• 单、复数形式相同
  [sheep—sheep绵羊、deer—deer鹿、fish—fish鱼、means—means方法、Chinese—Chinese中国人、Japanese—Japanese日本人]
  注意：当fish表示的是“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“鱼的条数”和“鱼的种类”时，为可数名词！
• “某国人”的复数
  [中日瑞不变]：Chinese中国人、Japanese日本人、Swiss瑞士人
  [英法变]：Englishman—Englishmen英国人、Frenchman—Frenchmen法国人
  [多数+s在后面]：German—Germans德国人、American—Americans美国人
• 含有连字符的符合名词，若其中有名词，则在主体名词后加复数词尾；若其中无名词，则在**整个词末加复数词尾**
  [passer-by—passers-by 路人、go-between—go-betweens 中间人]

不可数名词

物质名词和抽象名词，无法用具体数字来计算，一般没有复数形式。
water水 bread面包 oxygen氧气 progrress进步 advice建议 honesty诚实 joy喜悦 sadness伤心
不可数名词一般情况下没有复数形式，
但在某些情况下可以用复数形式或变成可数名词。
fish(鱼肉)一fish(各种鱼类) fruit(水果)一fruits(各种水果) food(食物-foods(各种食物)
glass(玻璃)一glasses(眼镜) exercise(锻炼)一exercises(练习)

不可数名词量的表示

不可数名词没有单复数之分，但如果必须要给这些词计量时候，用a/one+表示这些东西的单位+of+不可数名词
[a cup of tea、a box of milk、a piece of paper]
如果为了表示多个的概念，我们就将表示这些东西的单位变成负数即可：数次(大于等于2) + 单位词(复数)
a cup of tea — three cups of tea

常用修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的短语

==修饰不可数名词的有：**much；a little；amounts of; a bit of**==

修饰可数名词复数的有：many；a great/good many；a(large/great/small)number of；(large/great/small)number of；a majority of

名词所有格

两个词分开写且中间不含有连字符，通常在第二个名词后面加复数词尾

名词所有格用以表示名词之间的所有关系，主要有of和- ‘s两种表示方式

表示时间、距离、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词之后
[todays’s newspaper 今天的报纸 China’s vaccine 中国的疫苗]

表示几个人共同拥有的东西时，只在最后一个名字上加所有格
如果是分别拥有的东西就要在每个名字上加所有格

of属格
没有生命的东西的所有格，用“of+名词”的方式来表示
the title of the song 歌曲的名字 the window of the house 房子的窗户

若名词较长或名词后面有一个较长的定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用of表示所有关系
the speech of the former Secretary General 前任秘书长的讲话

双重所有格
双重所有格，是指**名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格**
当表示所属物的名词前有不定冠词、数词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词等时，常用”==of+名词所有格(…-‘s)/名词性物主代词==[谁谁谁的]”，表示”许多中的一个或者一些”。如:
a book of my mother’s = one of my mother’s books我妈妈的一本书
one friend of Mark’s = one of Mark’s friends马克朋友中的一个
a neighbor of mine = one of my neighbors我邻居中的一个

名词的句中作用

• 做主语

Jack comes from Thailand. The weather is fantastic.

• 做宾语

Jack comes from Thailand. I have finished my task.

• 做表语

He is my best friend. I will become a scientist.

• 做定语

He is a college student. Where is my Chinese book?

• 做补语

We call him Xiao Li. I make you the king of my world.

名词化和动名词

常见的名词化结构有“the + 形容词”及“the+动词过去分词”两种，用于表示一类人：the old 老人

动名词让动词或动词短语拥有名词的特征，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语，如：feeling；thinking；swimming；
Running is good for your health. 跑步有益健康；
Your task is studying hard. 你的任务是努力学习

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名词近义词辨析。make a profit“赚钱，获利’
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处;
interest: 作”利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益;
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。句意:布朗先生想从他的房子上获利，但他失望了。

名词词义辨析。apply for申请，请求
invitation:邀请，请柬;
recommendation:提议，推荐
register:登记表;
inquiry:询问，调查。

名词近义词辨析。
ache疼痛;
damage损害，损坏 (建筑上可以修复的损坏)
ruin指彻底毁坏
harm指伤害，身体上或物理上的损害
**un.**前面加形容词表示程度（侧重建筑);
suffering痛苦，苦难;
injury伤害，身体上的意外事故造成的伤害。
注意:普通的疼痛，如头疼，胃痛，是”身体部位+ache”

名词词义辨析。
conclusion:结论,结局;
solution:解决方案;
reply:回复;
reaction:反应
try to do sth.努力做某事
a solution to the problem问题的解决方案

名词词义辨析。
tourist attractions:旅游景点，名胜古迹
concentrations :专注，专心;
contributions:贡献，捐款;
attraction:吸引，游览胜地;
attention:注意，关注，照料

名词词义辨析。
reach an agreement达成一致
arrangement:安排;
accumulation:积累;
agreement:同意;
appointment:约会，任命，委派

have a influence on sb. 对某人有影响
名词词义辨析。
cook厨师，cooker炊具，typist打字员，typewriter打字机

名词词义辨析。means n.手段，方法
conversation:交谈，谈话;
communication:交流，通信
speech:演说，讲话，发言，口语;
language:语言，表达能力

名词词义辨析。try doing sth.”尝试做某事” would better do sth.”最好做某事”
instruction:指令，命令，用法说明;
explanation:解释，阐释
information:信息，情报，资料
introduction:介绍，采用，引进

名词固定搭配。lt is difficult to do.“做某事很困难”
impression:一般指对人的”印象”;此时常与介词of连用
comment:意见;评论;批评;常与介词about/on搭配使用
reaction:对…….的反应，常与介词to搭配使用;
opinion:观点，意见，看法，主张，常与介词on/about/on搭配使用

名词近义词辨析。
benefit:优势，益处，(公司给的）奖金
profit:利润，收益（从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益)
reward:回报，报酬，悬赏金
price:价格，价钱

名词近义词辨析。keep out of…”(使)置于….…外”
reach:能伸到，够得着; 到达
catch:接住;抓住，捉住，捕获
grasp:抓紧，抓牢;领悟，明白
hold:抓住，抱住;容纳;支撑

介词in+名词的短语辨析。raise hands举手
in relation to关系到;
in contrast to 与…..相对照
in favor of 赞成;
in excess of 超过

名词词义辨析。
technique指“技术”;
operation指“操作，手术”
mean指“平均数”;
means指方法
cure指”治疗”。

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• (不以s结尾的名词) ‘s + 名词

Tom**’s** family； the swallow**’s** song； St.Jame**’s** Park

• s结尾的复数名词，在s后加 ‘

the teachers ’ office； the students ‘ desks

• 复合名词或者短语，最后单词 ‘s

my brother-in-law ’s photo

各自拥有：(名词1) ‘s and；(名词2) ‘s + 名词

Lucy’s and Lily**’s** bedrooms

共同拥有：(名词1) and；(名词2) ‘s + 名词

Lucy and Lily**’s** bedroom

(某些表示时间、地点、度量、天体等名词) ‘s

today‘s newspaper；half and hour’s drive

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名词 + of + ‘s所有格

a picture of Xiao Zhang’s 小张(拥有的照片中)的一张照片

a picture of Xiao Zhang 小张(本人)的照片

名词 + of + 名词性物主代词

a good friend of mine

不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some, any, many, no, few等) 以及which等限定词 + of + ‘s所有格

most of the students

three of them

I have read some books of his

• Julie went to the shoe store to buy a pair of shoes.

shoe和store没有从属关系，无需所有格表示；shoe store为复合名词，中心词为store，若要变成复数形式，只store变化即可

• Could you tell me the room numbers for the computer center and the lab?

room和number没有从属关系，无需所有格表示。题意询问两间房的房间号码，所以在中心词number上进行复数形式变化

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代词

人称代词

	我	你	他	她	它	我们	你们	她/他/它 们
主格	I	you	he	she	it	we	you	they
宾格(谓语后)	me	you	him	her	it	us	you	them

物主代词：表示所有关系的代词
这是我的书：This is my book [形容词性物主代词]
这本书是我的：This book is mine[名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词]

	我的	你的	他的	她的	它们	我们的	你们的	她他它 们的
形容词性物主代词	my	your	his	her	its	our	your	their
名词性物主代词	mine	yours	his	hers	its	ours	yours	theirs

​ 形容词性物主代词:(XX的)XX <=> 我爱我的祖国 I love my motherland.[形容词性物主代词+名词]
​ 名词性物主代词:(XX的XX) <=> 这本书是我的，不是你的 This book is mine, not yours.[名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词] This book is my book, not your book.

反身代词

	第一人称	第二人称	第三人称
单数	myself	yourself	himself; herself; itself
复数	ourselves	yourselves	themselves

指示代词[表示相互关系的代词]

​ 这个：this 那个：that 这些：these 那些：those
​ 单数(this/that) 和 复数(these/those)，既可以作限定词又可以作代词
​ 限定词：This girl is Mary (单)
​ Those men are my teachers (复)
​ 代词：This is Mary (单)
​ Those are my teachers (复)

​ 可在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
​ 为了避免重复名词可以用that或those代替
​ The population in Shanghai is larger than that in Guangzhou.上海的人口比广州的多
​ that和those代替前面提到过的名词，此时that指代可数名词单数或不可数名闻，those指代可数名词复数

​ ① this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物，而that(those)相反
​ ② this和these常指后面需要提到的事物，有启下的作用；而that和those常指前面提到过的事物，有承上的作用

疑问代词

誰	誰的	什么	哪个
who(主格)	whose	what	which
whom(宾格)

不定代词：复合不定代词[事：thing 人：body+one]
某物/某事：something
每件物/事：everything [一般用于肯定句中]
任何物/事：anything [一般用于否定句和疑问句中]
没有事：nothing
某人/有人：somebody/someone
每个人：everybody/someone
任何人：anybody/anyone
没有人：nobody/no one

​ [否定句：anything + anybody / anyone]
​ [肯定句：其余所有…]

​ ==形容词修饰不定代词要后置 某些重要的事情——something important
​ 不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数 每位同学都到了——Everyone is here==

​ one用来代替上文的一个人或事物，泛指同类事物中的一个。
​ one只能替代**单数名词。
​ ones用来代替上文的多个人或事物，泛指同类事物中的一种。
​ ones只能替代复数名词。
​ one表示泛指，that和it**表示特指

​ We are selling our house to move to a smaller one.
​ 我们正打算卖掉房子，然后搬到一个小一点的住处。
​ They learn new roles and forget old ones.
​ 他们学习新的角色，试图忘记旧的。

​ 不定代词：few、little、a few、a little
​ few，little表示**”几乎没有了”**
​ a few，a little表示**”还有一些”**

few 和 a few

​ 共同点：都修饰可数名词
​ 不同点：few表示”很少，几乎没有”→否定 (“虽然有，但很少“)
​ a few表示”少数的，几个，一些”→肯定 (“虽然少，但还有“)
​ (1) There are a few things l need to buy.我需要买些东西。
​ (2) There are few things l need to buy.我不需要买什么东西。
​ quite a few表示“很多”
​ There are quite a few things I need to buy. 我需要买很多东西

little 和 a little

​ 共同点: 都修饰不可数名词
​ 不同点: little表示“无，没有”，本身带有否定用意, 所以全句是否定句。
​ a little表示”有一点儿“，全句还是肯定句。
​ 例句:
​ (1) 半杯水摆在我们面前，悲观的人会认为杯子里几乎没有水了
​ There is little water in the glass.
​ (2) 而乐观的人会认为，太好了，还有一点水诶。
​ There is a little water in the glass

both、either、neither、none、all

​ both: “两个都”(有范围)(肯定) both…and… / both of…
​ 例句:Both of my children are at school now.
​ either: “两者中的任何一个”(有范围)(肯定) either…or… / either of…
​ 例句:Sightseeing is the best done either by tour bus or by bike.
​ neither: “两者都不”(有范围)(否定) neither…nor…
​ 例句: Neither the boys nor the girls are to blame for this.

​ none: “没有一个”(无范围)(否定)none of… not all指的是有被邀请的也有没被邀请的
​ 例句:None of us care about what has happened to him
​ all: “所有，一切，全部”(无范围)(肯定)all of…
​ 例句: All the peopole you invited are coming.
​ Not all of thefwere invited to Amy’s birthdlay party.

==other、the other、others、the others、another==

​ l don’t like this dress. Could you please show me some other dresses?(泛指)
​ This kind of dress is available in two different colors.One is pink and the other is yellow.(特指)
​ There are many dresses in this store. Some are red and others are blue.(泛指)
​ There are six dresses in this style. One is red and the others are yellow.(特指)
​ l have bought several dresses, but l want to by another two dresses.(泛指)

​ other (adj.) 另外，其他 通常无范围，前面加数词时有范围
​ **the other **(两者中的)另一个 两个中剩下的；有范围
​ other 其他的或另外的人或物 多个中剩下的；无范围
​ the others 其余的人或物 多个中剩下的；有范围
​ another 又一，再一，另一 三个或三个以上的；无范围

​ any常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中；some常用于肯定句；

​ @@ There is __ milk in my bottle, can you give me ___ milk? (B)
​ A.few, a few
​ B. little, a little
​ C. a little, little
​ D.a little, a little
​ 解析:考点:不定代词用法。根据句意可知:瓶子里面没有牛奶了，请对方倒一些牛奶给自己。根据选项可知few, little是表示几乎没有的意思，a few和a little表示还有一些的意思;而milk是不可数名词，只能用little和a little修饰，第一个空表达的是”没有”，第二个空表达的是”一些”。

相互代词

​ each other 和 one another
​ 我们互相帮助。
​ We helped each other. (两者之间)
​ We helped one another. (三者及三者以上)

honor 和 glory

glory是大荣耀 [名词]
honor是小荣誉 [名词+动词]

---

动词

谓语动词+非谓语动词

**谓语动词 受主语的人称和数的限制，非谓语动词 没有这种限制**。

Jack likes singing. Jack has nothing **to do ** today.

动词词尾划分的动词

动词的第三人称单数形式

• 直接在动词词尾**+s**

eat - eats take - takes ask - asks sing - sings

• 以字母**-s，-sh，-ch，-x，-o结尾的动词直接在词尾+es**

miss - misses finish - finishes watch - watches fix - fixes
go - goes

• 以”辅音字母+y“结尾的动词，要将y改为i再+es。但以”元音字母+y“结尾的动词，直接加-s。

carry - carries worry - worries stay - stays

• 动词变第三人称单数时，不规则动词变化

have - has be - is
I have a pen； He has a pen.
He has a car，which is very expensive.

动词的ing形式

• 一般直接在动词词尾+ing

​ check - checking；help - helping；call - calling；listen - listening

• 以字母-e”结尾的动词,去掉字母-e，再加+ing;以字母-ee”结尾的动词，直接在词尾加-ing。
  move-moving like-liking agree-agreeing see-seeing
• 以-y结尾的动词，直接在词尾加-ing。
  carry-carrying. worry-worrying study—studying try—trying
• 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，即以“辅音+元音+辅音“结尾的动词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加**-ing。
  stop-stopping** chat-chatting drop-dropping

动词的过去式和过去分词形式

• 一般直接在动词词尾**+ed**

wash-washed-washed work-worked-worked look-looked-looked
touch-touched-touched

• 以不发音的-e”结尾的动词,词尾加-d。

close - close - closed live - lived - lived smile - smiled - smiled
exercise - exercised - exercised

• 以”辅音字母+y“结尾的动词，要将y改为i再+ed。但以”元音字母+y”结尾的动词，直接加-ed。
  study - studied - studied copy - copied - copied
  play-played-played stay-stayed-stayed

• 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed。
  stop - stoped - stopped admit - admitted - admitted

• 不规则的动词变化：

1、动词的原形，过去式，过去分词同形：put - put - put；cut - cut - cut
2、动词的过去式和过去分词同形: buy - bought - bought；keep - kept - kept ；have - had - had
3、动词的原形，过去式，过去分词都不相同：draw - drew - drown； do - did - done
4、**动词的过去分词与原形同形(少数)**：become - became - become；run - ran - run

行为(实义)动词：及物/不及物，说明主语做了什么，表示主语的动作、状态和品质

及物动词

及物动词 vt.有被动语态(be done[过去分词])

Someone broke the window.
The Window was broken.

常见的及物动词：
==① receive, forget, like, catch, say, enjoy, promise, provide, afford, expect, reach, + 宾语
② tell, ask, bring, take, give, lend,offer, pass, send, show, teach, read, return, buy, make, write, + 双宾语
③ let, have, make, tell, see, find, keep, allow, ask, help +宾语 / 宾补=[宾语+状态]==

不及物动词

不及物动词 不能跟宾语的动词称为不及物动词vi
不及物动词 vi.没有被动语态
Gan you depend on her version of what happened ?

常见的不及物动词(vi.)和介词的搭配

look at 看着	refer to 参考;指的是	deal with 处理;解决
suffer from 遭受	agree with sb. 同意	succeed in doing 成功
wait for 等待	struggle for 为…而奋斗	laugh at 嘲笑
vote + for/against 投票赞成/反对	depend on 依靠;相信	apologize to sb 道歉
insist on 坚持 = stick to	talk about sth / to sb 讨论	belong to sb 属于
think of 想起，认为	listen to 听	think about 考虑
object to 反对	think over 反复思考	occur to 被想到
arrive in / at 到达	in + 大地点	at + 小地点

兼做及物动词和不及物动词

start, answer, sing, close, agree, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, hope

Our game begins. Let’s begin our game.
I will improve my grades. My grades will improve

动词的意义划分动词 [是否延续(看关键词)]

My parents have come to Shanghai since 1950.
My parents have been in Shanghai since 1950.

I have bought his book for six weeks.
I have kept this book for six weeks.

延续性动词(be…)与非延续性动词
borrow - keep buy - have die - be died finish/end - be over
start/begin - be on join - be in/be a member of come - be here
go - be away

单宾及物动词——只带一个宾语

单宾及物动词——只带一个宾语

They say the director is goin to resign, but he denied it.

The news of the great earthquake in Indonesia surprised all of us.

双宾及物动词——带间接宾语和直接宾语[通常接物]

She offered me a cigarette

Someone left you this note

She gave me a box of chocolate；She gave a box of chocolate to me

直接宾语：a box of chocolate; 间接宾语：me

She offered me a cigarette. She offered a cigarette to me.
The firm promised the workers a wage incicrease
The firm promised a wage increase to the workers.

The judges awarded both finalists equal points.
The judges awarded equal points to both finalists.

---

总是不及物：arrive，come，doze，go，happen，appear，arise

He was dozing when the fire alarm rang.

New problems arose when the old ones were solved.

有些必须带一定的状语，才能结构完整

The ship sailed westward.

I sprang out of bed[方式状语] to answer the door.[目的状语]

---

lie，lay

原形	过去式	过去分词	现在分词	词性	词义
lie	lay	lain	lying	不及物	躺，位于
lie	lied	lied	lying	不及物	说谎
lay	laid	laid	laying	及物	放置，产卵

lie：躺，位于

There is a book lying on the table.

lie：说谎

She lied to them about her age to get the job.

lay：放置，产卵

He laid his hand on my shoulder.

---

arise，rise，arouse，raise

原形	过去式	过去分词	现在分词	词性	词义
arise	arose	arisen	arising	不及物	出现
rise	rose	risen	rising	不及物	上升，起身
arouse	aroused	aroused	arousing	及物	唤醒，引起
raise	raised	raised	raising	及物	举起，提高

arise：出现

Some unexpected difficulties have arisen.

rise：上升，起身

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

arouse：唤醒，引起

He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.

raise：举起，提高

Raise your hand if you have any qustions.

---

say，tell，speak，talk

say：及物，“说，讲”，用语言表达思想，着重说话内容

He said something nice about you.

tell：及物，“告诉，讲诉”，接双宾 / 复宾 / the truth / lies / a story等

She told me to wait for her at the bus stop.

speak，talk：做不及物时，可互换，”讲话”

What are they talking / speaking about？

做及物时，speak + 语言 She can speak English. talk + business / nonsense He is always taking nonsense.

---

cost，take，spend，pay

cost：“花费”，主语——物，可接双宾

The dictionary cost me 10 dollars.

take：“花费时间”，主语——事情，常用it作形式主语

It took him five days to finish the work.

spend：“花费时间 / 金钱”，主语——人

spend … on sth.

She spent too much money on clothes.

spend … (in) doing sth

He spent five years (in) writting the novel.

pay：“支付金钱”，主语——人

I paid five dollars for the books.

---

damage，ruin，destroy，spoil，pain，injury

damage：“损坏，毁坏”，但可修补/弥补；ruin的毁坏程度更大

Smoking can damage/ruin your health.

spoil：“破坏，糟蹋”，含有失去完美性的意思，语气弱于ruin；“宠坏”

The tall building has spoiled/ruined the view.

That little girl is terribly spoiled——her parents give her everything she asked for.

destory：“摧毁，彻底毁掉，无法恢复，也指希望/计划破灭”

The bomb destoryed the whole building.

pain(身体上的疼痛)多指身体、心理上的痛
injury(对躯体、感情的)伤害损伤，用于躯体上的伤害时，多指意外事故造成的伤害

---

系动词[一般+形容词、是什么、是什么样的]

be动词（表状态)、表持续的连系动词表“像”的连系动词、表感官的连系动词、表变化的连系动词、表终止的连系动词
主系表中的表是表示主语的一种状态

表状态的be动词[象便敢壁咚盐[像变感be终延]]

be—am[I]，is[he/she/it/单数]，are[you/复数]
过去时态：was，were；
现在分词：being；
过去分词：been

辅助主语的动词，不能单独作谓语，其后必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状态、性质、特征等状况

本身有词义

不能单独作谓语

后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况

及物动词和不及物动词大多数都是动态动词，通常说明主语的动作

• be系动词：am、is、are

• 持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度

  • keep

  He always kept silent at meeting.

  • remain

  The problem remains unsolved.

  • rest

  You may rest assured that everything possible is being done.

  • continue

  The weather continued nasty.

  • hold

  This rule holds good at all times and places.

  • stay，lie，stand…

• 表像系动词

  • seem

  He seems (to be) very sad.

  • look

  It looks a mystery.

  • appear

  She appeared very calm at the moment.

• 感官系动词[see,smell,taste,listen,touch,feel,sound]

  • feel

  This kind of cloth feels very soft.

  • smell

  It smells of garlic.

  • sound

  This idea sounded great.

  • taste

  The apple pie tastes delicious.

• 变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样

  • become

  Jack was a soldier and then became a famous actor.

  • turn

  The milk has turned sour.

  • go

  Her hair has gone white.

  • wear

  This material has worn thin.

  • grow、fall、get、come、run…

• 终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作；表达证实

  • prove

  The rumor proved false.

  • turn out

  The operation turns out a complete success.

---

助动词(助动词提前后面原形)[帮助完成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句]

为了区分be是系动词，be动词主要用来协助主动词构成进行体(be doing)或者被动语态(be done)

be+动词ing，构成进行时态
They were discussing something about sports.他们在讨论关于运动的事情。
be+动词过去分词，构成被动时态
The students were praised by the teacher.学生被老师表扬了。

或者可以从中文的角度去区分：
如果翻译成是：be -> 系动词
如果翻译成正在：be -> 助动词

be、do、have、shall、will：没有实际词义、不能单独使用、帮助实义动词

• be

  • am、is、are、was、were
  • be doing：进行时

  I was playing the piano at 8 o’clock this morning.

  • be done：被动语态

  • be done：被动语态

  English is sopken all over the world.

• do[助动词do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句;也用来加强语气]

  • 一般现在时、一般过去时中
  • do、does、did+not+动词原形：否定句

  She doesn’t speak English.

  Don’t be so careless!

  • do、does、did放在主语前：疑问句

  Did you see him in the party?

  强调：在肯定句中，强调动词，“一定，务必，的确”

  Do be careful！ I did go，but she wasn’t in

• have

  • have、has、had后＋done：完成时

  Jack has just left.

  完成体(have/has/had done), 构成完成时态
  My patents have seen that movie. 我的父母已经看过那部电影了

  完成进行体(have/has/had been doing)
  She has been typing the whole morning. 她一整个上午都在打字

• will shall

  • shall/should、will/would后＋动词原形：将来时

  I shall go to Hong Kong next week.

---

情态动词[后+动词原形]

情态动词表推测的可能性大小顺序：

一定 > 完全有可能 > 很可能 > 可能

must > will > would > ought to > should > can > could > may > might
情态动词表示情绪和态度的词，是助动词的一种，只能辅助动词构成谓语，表达能力、可能、义务、请求、愿意、猜测、责备、告诫等语气或观点

情态动词和实义动词的区别：
情态动词不受人称和时态的影响

can / could

• can：表示天生的或学到的能力

Bill is only nine months old and he can already stand up.

• could：表示过去天生的或学到的能力

As a child, he could play the piano.

【注意】can与is/am/are able to的区别
将来时：will be able to
l won’t be able to come, I am afraid.
完成时：have/has been able to
We haven’t been able to reach an agreement.

can / could，may / might

	肯定句	否定句	疑问句
can	√	√	√
could			√
may	√	√	√
might			√

表示允许——“可以”
1）表示请求别人允许
may/might更正式,更委婉客气
Can/Could/May/Might l borrow your bike?
Of course, you can/may.
No, you can’t/may not/mustn’t.

2）在请求帮助时进行的提问：can/could

3）在明确表示过去的许可时：could/might

表示推测——“可能”
1）在否定句中:
may not / might not: “可能不”
lt is raining heavily and he may/might not come.
can not / could not: “不可能”(含”不相信”之意)
He can/could not be the murder.

2）表示过去的可能:could / might
Mary wondered what he could/might mean.

must

表示义务——“必须”
1）以must提问 :
Must I go so soon?
Yes, you must.《肯定回答)
No, you needn’t/don’t have to.(否定回答)

mustn’t: “不许，禁止”
You mustn’t smoke in the room.
[区别]：must，have to
有时可互换使用; have to：不同的时态，must：多用于现在时
l must/have to leave now. He had to do it again.

must：强调主观看法，表示说话人主观上认为有必要做某事
She must do it herself. I am not able to help her.
“mustn’t不准，不许”

have to：[有时态人称、数的变化]强调客观需要，表示因客观条件要求不得不做某事
She has to do it herself. She has got no one to help her.
“don’t have to 不必，没必要”

表示推测——“一定”
must+动词原形：对现在肯定的推测
Jane’s light is on. She must be at home.

其否定形式：can’t+动词原形
Jane’s light is on. She can’t be out.

shall

用于第一、第三人称疑问句中：表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?

用于第二、第三人称：表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁
You shall fail if you don’t work harder.(警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.(允诺)
The liar shall be punished.(威胁)

仅用于第三人称:表示义务、规定，用于法律、条约、协定等文件
The new regulation shall take effect on Jan.1.

will / would[代替一般过去时]

表示意图，意愿——“会”
He won’t lend me the money.
She wouldn’t come to the zoo-she was afraid of animals.

表示请求和邀请: will和would可互换，would更委婉
Will/Would you please open the door?(请求)-
Yes, of course.
No, I’m afraid I can’t.

Will/Would you have a walk with me?(邀请)-
(Yes,) I’d like/love to.
No, I’d prefer not to, thank you.

should / ought to

表示义务、建议——“应该”，用法完全相同，ought to的语气稍重
You should/ought to do as he says.
You really should/ought not to tell such a lie.

should: 表示客气的请求或表达不成熟的意见
l should like to make a phone,if possible.
l should say she’s over forty.

should: 用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异等，与how,why,who连用。

need 和 dare

need作情态动词讲，意为”需要”
He need go now
dare作情态动词讲，意为”敢，竟然”
She dare go out alone at night

情态动词[小弟]和实义动词[大哥]的区别：
① 情态动词不受人称和时态的影响
② 后面接动词原型->情态动词；接todo->实义动词

He need go 他要走了[走是句子的主要承担作用]

need做实义动词，后接”to do”，构成need to do sth，否定式为”don’t need to”此时存在时态和数的变化
He needs[需要] to go now.

dare也可作实义动词，后接to do，构成dare to do sth，否定式为”don’t dare to do”，此时存在时态和数的变化。
She dares to go out at night.
She doesnt dare to go out alone at night.
Does she dare to go out alone at night?

情态动词的否定形式和疑问形式及回答

情态动词的否定形式：情态动词 + not + $V_{原形}$
He may/might not know her. 可能不(推测)
He can/could not know her. 不可能(推测)
She can/could not speak English. 不会(能力)
Children mustn’t play with fire. 不准，不许
They should not / lought not to stay here now. 不应该
He need not go now. 不需要[没有加s 情态动词]
She dare not go out alone at night. 不敢
He will/would not be lazy. 不会

情态动词的疑问形式：情态动词＋主语＋$V_{原形}$
Can/could he speak English?
Must he go to the store now?
May / Might l borrow your bike tomorrow?
Should they stay here now?
Will / Would you please explain the text once again?
**Dare she go **out alone at night?
**Need they go **there now?

情态动词疑问形式的回答
Must he go to the store now?
Yes, he must. / No, he needn’t / he doesn’t have to
[用needn’t / doesn’t是因为mustn’t是不准,不许的意思]

情态动词 + have done

• 表示”当时本应该/可以做，而实际上没有做”

① should have done 或 ought to have done (本应该但没有)
② could have done (本可以但是没有)

• 表示”当时本不应该做，而实际上做了”

① shouldn’t have done 或 oughtn’t to have done

• 表示”当时没有必要做某事”

① needn’t have done表示当时做了某事，但事实上没有必要

• 表示对过去的推测

① may(might) have done 对过去的可能推测 “可能做了”
② must have done 对过去的肯定推测 “一定做了”
③ can’t / couldn’t have done 对过去的否定推测 “不可能做了”

★ 推测 ★

注意：没有mustn’t have been

must have done、can’t have done	语气强、证据充分
could have done、couldn’t have done	语气较强、有证据
may/might have done、may/might not have done	语气较弱，证据不足

★ 虚拟 ★

should(not) have done	本来(不)应该(责备)
could have done	本来可以(遗憾)
could not have done	本来不可以(意外)
needn’t have done	本来没必要

had better用法

① had better意为“最好””应该”，后接动词原形。
You**’d better** get some sleep.你最好去睡一会儿。
We had better go before it rains.我们最好在下雨前就去。
② 构成否定式时，通常将not置于had better之后（而不是had之后);而构成疑问式时，则通常将had(而不是had better)置于主语之前，如I’d better not disturb him. 我最好别去打扰他。
What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办?
注意:在否定疑问句或反意疑问向中可将not与had连用，
如:Hadn’t we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢?

半情态动词 used to

used to 的意思是”过去经常”，其中的to是不定式的符号，不是介词，所以其后接动词原形（不接动名词)，
如:He used to live in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。
l used to write poetry when I was young．我年轻时常常写诗。
—Do you play golf ? 你打高尔夫球吗?
一No, but l used to. 现在不打，但我过去经常打。

used to作为情态动词时，可直接在used后加not构成否定式，将used置于句首构成疑问式。但与一般的情态动词不同的是，它也可像普通动词那样借助助动词did构成否定式和疑问式，而且这已成现在流行的做法，如
He usedn’t/didn’t use to come. 他过去不常来。
You used to go there, usedn’t/ didn’t you? 你过去常到那儿去，是吗?
Where did you use to live？ 你过去住在哪儿？[do/did后面一定跟动词原形]

used to 与 be used to 的用法比较

be used to do 过去常常做某事
be used to doing 习惯做某事

① 习惯做… to(介词) + ing
② 被用来 to(不定式) + do(动词原形)

@@ A car accident B in that street yesterday.
A. happens
B. happened
c.was happened
D.has been happened
解析:考点:及物动词和不及物动词。事故和发生之间存在被动关系，但及物动词有被动语态(be+过去分词)，而不及物动词没有被动语态。happen是不及物动词，没有被动语态，用主动形式表被动。
句意:昨天那条街上发生了一起车祸。

@@ I C the Party for 5 years so far.
A. joined
B. have joined
C. have been in
解析:考点:延续性动词和非延续性动词。根据句意可知，此空表达是“加入”的意思。在句中，“加入”持续了五年，即延续性动词，join是短暂性动作，与它对应的延续性动词为be in或者be a member of句意:到目前为止，我已经加入这个政党五年了。

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形容词：多形容词排序

多个形容词，排序要讲究 (大小形状和新老,颜色国籍出(处)材料+名词)

① 冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词
② 序数词＋基数词
③ 一般性描绘形容词
④ 大小、长短、形状
⑤ 年龄、新旧
⑥ 颜色
⑦ 国籍、出处
⑧ 材料
⑨ 用途、类别
⑩ 名词/动名词

形容词：定语后置

There is nothing wrong with the match.
No one else can solve the problem.

名词：表语形容词

He is the most famous scientist alive.
Time alone will show who was right.
部分表语形容词：
带有前缀a的形容词：afraid, alive, alike, asleep, aware, ashamed, alone

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@@ 当表示所属物的名词前有不定冠词、数词、指示代词等时，常用双重属格形式 That idea of hers

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