名词性从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句)

形容词性从句(定语从句)

副词性从句(状语从句)

简单句

先找谓语(动词)，后面有两坨区分

• 主谓双宾(直宾 / 间宾) (和动词有直接关系的叫直接宾语)

She will make him a good wife
主谓双宾 him为间接宾语 可放后面
She will make a good wife for him

I bring you a wife => bring wife 所以wife是直接宾语

直宾间宾可以互换位置，但要加介词

I bring a wife for you

A visit to elderly people brings them great laughter and joy.
(主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
A          to elderly people brings great laughter and joy to them.
(主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 介词 + 间宾)

The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment(seriously polluted)
(主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)

如何区分那两个？ 在中间加be动词，如果通顺就是(宾+宾补)

• **动词有直接关系的叫直接宾语 **
• 宾补 与 宾 有关系

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宾语是对动词的引述 表语是对主语的补充

要写主谓宾 就要找是否有 实义动词

要写主系表 就要看动词确实是无实义

765trdx海湖最深处25.5米
The deepest point of Qinghai lake reaches 25.5 meters. 主谓宾，自己加个实义动词
The maximum depth of Qinghai lake is 25.5 meters. 主系表，谓语确定无实义

泰山方圆约400平方公里
Mount Tai covers an area of about 400 square kilometers.

主谓宾 和 主系表的区分 看 中间的词有没有具体含义

Peer pressure has a positive side.
主 + 谓 + 宾

Mutual trust is not a luxury, but it is a necessity.
主 + 系(无实义) + 表(主补)

系动词/谓语动词：

• 动词
  • 实义动词
    • 及物vt (及1个物)
      • 主谓宾
      • 主谓双宾[直宾、间宾]
      • 主谓宾宾补
    • 不及物vi (及2个物)
      • [主谓] [不及物动词后面不加宾语 或者 必须接介词再加宾语]
  • 无实义动词
    • 系动词[主系表(主从)]

并列句

两个或以上独立分句，通过并列连词链接，各分句主谓完整，各分句意思同等重要，互相独立

• 主要连词：and，or，but，yet

主谓一致

主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和**数(单复数)**与句子的主语保持一致

围绕着动词可以结合(三态一否：时态、语态、情态、否定)

主语	谓语/系动词
第三人称/单数	is / was / has / 实义动词要在词尾加 -s 或 -es
复数	are / were / have / 实义动词

意义一致：指主谓一致取决于主语的实际意义

• All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了
• All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了
• The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
• 50% of the students in our class are girls.
• A number of new books are on the desk.
• The number of students in you class is 50.

I + am/was/have/like

You + are/were/have/like

He/She/It + is/was/has/likes （第三人称单数）

They + are/were/have/like

时态语态

时态：时间的状态

语态：主动或被动

时态（重点8个）

英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由助动词**be+过去分词(done)**构成。

助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。(时态也可以加被动的BUFF噢~)

过去完成时 一定要有过去的那个点(时间) => (现在是12月，5月之前在长沙举办过了一个比赛)

时态	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	do/does	be doing	have/has done	have/has been doing
过去	did	was/were doing	had done	had been doing
将来	will do	will be doing	will have done	will have been doing
过去将来	would do	would be doing	would have done	would have been doing

现在完成时：We have learned English for more than ten years.

现在完成进行时：We have been learning English for the past three months. (从过去到现在一直在做的一个动作)

• Do
• did过去式：一般过去式
• done过去分词：完成时态；被动结构be+done；非谓语
• 不规则动词变化表

时态翻译练习(若没有明显的时间提示 就都写一般现在时)

• 人们通常在春节和其他节日期间表演狮子舞。(先找句子主干 时间放后面)

  People often play (perform) the lion dance during the Spring Festival and other festivals.

• 它已逐渐演变成了中国文化的独特元素。(从过去到现在 => 现在完成时)

  It has gradually become a special element of Chinese culture.

• 唐朝始于618年，终于907年，(唐朝)是中国历史上最灿烂的时期。(一般过去时，一般现在时[陈述事实])

  The Tang Dynasty began in 618 and ended in 907, and it is the most splendid (glorious) period in Chinese history.

  The Tang Dynasty was from in 618 and ended in 907, which and it is the most splendid (glorious) period in Chinese history.

被动语态翻译练习 (中文会省略”被”字，要学会感受中文被动) => [楼盖好了，桥修好了]

• 剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间。**(泛指s)**

Paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms.

• 自上世纪90年代(?主语)安装缆车以来，参观人(de)数大大增加。 (缺主语 把宾语变成主语然后被动，有since主句用现在完成时)

Since cable cars were installed (used) in the 1990s, the number of visitors has increased sharply.

• 核能是可以(被)安全(de)开发和利用的。

Nuclear power(energy) can be explored / developed and used safely.

• 整个义务教育阶段，(?)要求学生(被动)在每学期期末参加期末考试。(缺主语 把宾语变成主语然后被动) Compulsory course：必修课

Throughout the whole period of compulsory education, students are required to take the final exam at the end of each term.

• 今年在长沙(?)举行了一年一度的外国人汉语演讲比赛。 (对象 for sb 对于谁而言)(一般过去时)(主语是比赛 所以是was)

An annual Chinese speech contest for foreigners was held in Changsha this year.

复合句

看复杂的句子先找主句然后再找主干(主句表达主要意思 从句表达次要意思)

三大从句

• 名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语可以充当名词)
  • 主语从句(识别及理解、It形式主语的类型)
  • 宾语从句
  • 表语从句
  • 同位语从句
• 形容词性从句
  • 定语从句
• 副词性从句
  • 状语从句

主语从句(把主语变成了一个句子)

主语从句的识别及理解、It形式主语的类型

开头为That / Whether(是否) 或者 主语 就是主语从句(截止到第二个动词前)

[That the little boy got the first prize] made his family relatives (so proud).
主(主从) + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
==> It made his family relatives so proud that the little boy got the first prize.

{That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar 
surroundings} is a phenomenon (known as the "first-night" effect).
主{主从} + 系 + 表 + (后置定语)
That无成分，无含义，不能省

Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate.
主(主从) + 系 + 表

[How students ultimately handle stress] may depend on their personal 
test-taking abilities.
主(主从) + 谓 + 宾

形式主语(若it不确定何种意思 就为形式主语 => 寻找真正的主语)

①后面的to do ②后面的that

In today's job market, it's not uncommon for job seekers to submit 
applications for many positions.
It = to submit applications for many positions

[{It's} commonly known] that certain diseases are linked with occupations like
lung disease in coal miners.

常见的形式主语句型

It is surprising that... 令人惊讶的是...
It is obvious that... 显而易见的是...
It's said that... 据说...
It's reported that... 据报道...
It's commonly known that... 众所周知, ...
It is a fact that... 事实上是...
It is a common knowledge that ... 众所周知，...
It + be + 形容词 + that ...
It + be + 过去分词 + that ...
It + be + 名词 + that...

宾语从句(及物动词后 or 介词后)

及物动词后的宾语从句(不及物动词 + 介词 + 宾语)

介词后的宾语从句

我明白了 -> 后面的一个字说不清 要一个句子()
I have learned [that love, not time, heals all wounds.]
heal：V.治愈    
wound：n.创伤，伤口

Therefore, {it is vital that} educators everywhere take a careful look not only at 
[what is being done], but also at [what should be done] in the field of computer 
education.
{}内的为 主从
[]内的为 宾从 现在进行时被动

表语从句

系动词 后面的就是 表语从句 One is(是什么…)

There are tow worring features of the slowdown. One is [that it has been particularly sharp
in the world's most populous countries, India and China.]  

同位语从句(用一句话来解释一个抽象名词)

解释一个抽象名词，它是什么……

同位语不是主干(主谓宾、主系表……) [前面的名词n]和 [后面的名词n] 地位相同的时候

把和前面相同的名词变成一个句子 => 同位语从句

There is a popular saying that [family happiness spurs social stability.]
a saying = family happiness spurs social stability

[n -> 句子] 用一个句子代替名词：名词性从句

在句子的主干中能**代替名词的成分有：主语、宾语、表语、同位语**

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练习

Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are
intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.

{Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” } is debatable;

{that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication} is a fact. [主语从句] [they -> eyes]

It is reported {that 49 million Americans are unsure of [where they will
find their next meal.]}

Dr.White said (that) his team wanted to see {whether living in greener utban areas had
a lasting positive effect on people's sense of well-being} or {whether the effect
also disappeared after a period of time.}

As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience [that a student
who earns good marks is generally a good student],and [that a student's final mark in
a subject is usually a grade average of the year's work.]
两个定语从句 两个同位语从句

定语从句(类似于形容词，其功能是划定一个范围)

规定一个范围 但是用一个形容词搞不定 所以成为了一句话 因此变成了从句

用一个形容词作定语修饰名词或代词。

若要表达更复杂的意思，则需要借助一个句子来修饰名词

I don't like (lazy) people.
I don't like people (who don't love their own country.)

定语从句：先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句

I don’t like people (who don’t love their own country.)

• 先行词：被修饰的名词、代词，总在定语从句前面 [people]
• 关系词：(关系代词，关系副词) 连接主句和从句，指代先行词，在定语从句中充当一定成分的词 [who 充当主语]
  • 简要作用：(连接、指代、充当成分)
• 定语从句：不完整的句子

先行词：一个词，短语，句子

Another trend【that looks significant in 2015】is (that America's largest population
group, Millennials, will continue to put off buying a house.)
主 + 【v+...】 + v
【】定从    []宾从        
()表从     {}主从

And exercise releases hormones【that can improve mood and relieve stress】
,【which can also help learning.】
先行词：hormones
关系词：that，which（这）代替前面一整个句子【exercise ... stress】

关系代词：代词 => 替代一个东西的词 (表中前三个)

关系副词：定语从句标识符 (表中后三个)

• 时间名词 + when
• 地点名词 + where;
• reason + why

[介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词]

先行词	关系词	充当从句成分
事 / 物	which / that	主语 / 宾语
人	who / whom / that	主语 / 宾语
人 / 物 (所属关系)	whose	定语
时间	when	状语
地点	where	状语
reason原因	why	状语

【】定从 []宾从 ()表从 {}主从 <>同位语从句

We found that[for some lottery winners]【who had won more than 500,000 prounds】
the positive effect was definitely there, but after six months to a year,
they were back to the baseline.
关系代词(who 代指前面的 winners)

定语从句-关系副词 when
Our schools need both the talent and the organization to educate each child
【who arrives at the school door.】Some show up ready, but many do not at
this critical time【when young brains are developing rapidly.】
At this critical time: 在这一关键时刻
When: 此时，在这时

定语从句-关系副词 where
Recently I attended several meetings【where we talked about ways to retain
students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere.
where：在这里，在...地方
retain：保持，保留，挽留

定语从句-关系副词 where
The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved
2,000 miles away. It has migrated from Detroit to Silicon Valley,【where
self-driving vehicles are coming to life.】
has moved：现在完成时        in the past decade：时间状语
It：代指汽车研发中心          

定语从句-关系副词 why
This is the reason【why I was absent from that meeting.】
The reasons why【I recommend Beijing can be listed as follows...】

定语从句-介词 + 关系代词    
[先行词 + 介词 + which / whom]    modify: v.修改，改变
[介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词]
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment(in which) 
they live.
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment where they live.
英语中通常不用介词收尾，常常把介词提到关系代词前。the environment which they live (in)

限定性定语从句 与 非限定性定语从句

区别在于表达方：

• 如果想写 那一帮出租司机都绕路了 就用限定性定语从句(限定：给它限定个范围)

• 如果想写 所有出租车司机都绕路了 就用非限定性定语从句(不做限定)

【限制性】：知道那里堵车的出租司机换了另一条路。
The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.

The cab drivers，who knew about the traffic jam，took another road.
【非限定性】(非：不限定 ==> 不让它范围有变化)(用逗号隔开)
The cab drivers took another road，who knew about the traffic jam.
出租司机都换了另一条路，出租车司机都知道那里堵车了。

【限定】：(有一帮女儿是老师，其他的不确定噢~)
She has tow daughters who are teachers.
她有两个(是老师的)女儿.[可能有其他女儿 只不过有两个做老师的女儿]
    
【非限定】：(隔开了就是不限定 没有限制范围 所有的女儿都是老师)
She has tow daughters，who are teachers.
她只有这两个女儿，这两个女儿都是老师

限定性定语从句 与 同位语从句

定语从句会缩小范围 => [不知道听到的新闻是什么…]

同位语从句是 一个句子 和 一个名词 进行对等 => [知道新闻的内容：林肯被谋杀了]

定从：
The news【that you heard】is not true.
that: 指代news 做you heard的宾语
在定语从句中关系词that有含义、充当句子成分

同位语从句: 林肯在剧院遭到谋杀的新闻是真的
The news <that Lincoln was murdered at a theater> is true.
that: 不充当任何成分，去掉句子照常通顺(句子完整)
在同位语从句中that无含义，不充当句子成分

The fact <that artisans,【who were looked on as mechanics or skilled
workers in the eighteenth century,】are frequently considered artists
today> is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of 
the nineteenth century.
be attributable to: 可归因于    artisan: n.工匠，技工    mechanic：n.机械师
The fact抽象名词 fact是主语 <that为同位语从句 一直到> 谓语
that同位语从句中有动词：,are   工匠经常在今天被认为是艺术家 ↓(这个事实的原因)    
who定语从句中有动词：were looked  (原因：就是十九世纪的那场运动)
所以The fact的动词就是在后面的 is
句子结构：主 <that同位语从句：主【who非限定性定语从句：主谓宾】+谓+宾> +系+表
★翻译原则★：剥洋葱一样从内往外一层一层的翻译
★ 在18世纪的时候工匠通常被人们认为是机械师或技术工人，而到了今天人们会认为工匠是艺术家，
这个事实最主要的原因是十九世纪的这场运动。